Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and polymerase chain reaction were applied for detection of the meat species in minced meat, raw kofta, sausage and beef burger. PCR was applied as it more sensitive and to compare its result with AGID. By using AGID, higher adulteration rate occurred in raw kofta with chicken was detected at 34%, while with pork at 26%. Donkey detected only in beef burger by AGID at 2%. Higher adulteration rate with PCR was detected in beef burger with chicken at 69%, in raw kofta with pork and donkey at 45.5% and 18%, respectively.

Samples of diaphragm and kidney were collected from cattle and buffaloes slaughtered in Assiut city for detection of antibacterial residues by four plate method. Antibacterial drug residues detected in tissues of cattle, with percentages 58, 14 in kidney and muscle, while in buffaloes with percentages 4o and 20 ,respectively. The different methods of prevention and control have been discussed for protection of the consumer from the hazards of antibiotic residues in meat.

Listeria monocytogenes has been recognized for many years as a facultative pathogenic bacterium that causes serious illness in animals and man which titled listeriosis. It appears to be commonly present in raw and ready-to-eat foods. The present study was undertaken to determine the incidence and distribution of Listeria spp. in poultry and some food samples and to investigate listeriosis in pregnant women and their newborns. Genotyping of L. monocytogenes isolates were determined to detect inlA gene as a target by using polymerase chain reaction. 400 samples comprising, poultry (100), chicken pâté (50), hen’s egg (100), fish (100) and smoked herring (50) were collected from different poultry slaughter houses, shops, supermarkets and fish markets in Assiut province, Egypt. The study also, included 25 women suffered from intrauterine fetal death, 25 premature labored women and their 25 newborns admitted to Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU), Assiut University Hospital. The overall incidence of Listeria spp., L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. ivanonii, L. welshimeri, L. seeligeri and L. grayi was 81 (17.05%), 15 (3.15%), 40 (8.42%), 4 (0.84%), 11 (2.7%), 10 (2.1%) and 1 (0.21%), of the all examined samples respectively. The study revealed that 10%, 10% and 57% of poultry, hen’s egg and fish samples were contaminated with Listeria spp., respectively and Listeria was not detected in chicken pâté, egg contents and smoked herring samples. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 2%, 4% and 7% of the examined poultry, eggs and fish samples, respectively. The incidence of human listeriosis was 5.3%, L. monocytogenes was isolated from 2 (2.6%) of both a woman suffered premature labor and her newborn while, L. innocua was isolated from 2 (2.6%) of women suffered intrauterine fetal death. Out of 15 L. monocytogenes isolates detected, 6 (40%) were found to harbor inlA gene. The existence of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes in the examined food samples warrants the need for appropriate control measures as this would pose a serious threat to human health

Fungi as causative agents of human disease are widely distributed in nature. There are different sources which are responsible for spreading of fungal infections to man as soil and bird dropping. These infections occur in debilitated or compromised patients after inhalation of the spores from their saprophytic habitats or direct exposure to animals or birds excreta or contaminated soil. All collected samples in this study were cultured and identified in Assiut University Mycology Center (AUMC) as well as ELISA test was carried in Molecular Biology Research Unit, Assiut University for detection of Aspergillus IgG. The specimens were cultured on sabouraud’s dextrose and Malt extract agar medium for isolation of fungi. Czapek yeast extract (CYA) and Potato sucrose agar media (PSA) used for identification of mould. Identification based on the morphology of the colony, the rate of growth and microscopic morphology of the isolates. A total of 100 cattle suffered from reproductive disorders were selected from Abnoub El-Hamam farm, Assiut Governorate. The incidence of mycotic infection in examined 100 cows’ vaginal swab was 68%. The incidence of Aspergillus species was 41% while Candida species incidence was 17%. The incidence of mycotic infection out of the examined 100 subclinical mastitic bovine milk samples collected from Abnoub El-Hamam and Faculty of Agriculture Farm was 89 %. The incidence of Aspergillus and Candida species were 36% and 69% respectively. A total 100 lung samples showing macroscopic lesion (abscess, anthracosis, congestion and area of hepatizition) were collected from slaughter houses in Assiut Governorate. The incidence of mycotic infection in 100 examined bovine lung samples was 91%. Mycotic infection was recorded in different localities as 100%, 92%, 87.1% and 83.3% in Mosha, El-Mateaa, Manqabad and Abnoub localities respectively. The incidence of Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. in the examined bovine lung samples was 81% and 27% respectively. A total of 44 mould species were isolated from soil samples collected from different localities in Assiut Governorate. The isolated fungi were Aspergillus spp, Pencillium spp, Fusarium.spp , Alternaria alternate; Eurotium amstelodami; Trichoderma harzianum ; Emercilla nidulans; Mucor spp.; Circenella muscae; Cunninghamella echinulata; Syncephalastrum racemosum; Humicola rugosa; Cladosporium spp; Acremonium strictum; Myrothecium verrucaria; Setosphaeria rostrata; Gliocladium spp; Talaromyces stipitatus; Monodyctis castanea Scopulariopsis brumpti; Sporothrix inflata and Stachybotrys chartum . The most common fungal isolates obtained from 93 out of 100 examined bird dropping samples were Aspergillus spp.; Pencillium spp; Fusarium.spp; Alternaria alternate ; Eurotium amstelodami ; Trichoderma harzianum ; Mucor spp.; Helicostylum piriformis ;Syncephalastrum racemosum; Humicola rugosa ; Cladosporium spp.; Setosphaeria rostrata ; Scopulariopsis brumpti; Candida spp.and Trichosporon spp. The incidence of pulmonary fungal infection in 100 examined sputum samples from patient admitted in Chest hospital was 97%. The incidence of Aspergillosis in human patients was 88%. The higher incidence was recorded among male patients (89.4%) comparing with female patients (85.3%). 36.4 % of Aspergillus positive patient were suffered from T.B., 26.1% from bronchial asthma, 22.7 % from bronchitis & chest pain and 14.8% from pneumonia. Incidence of Aspergillus fumigatus by using culture method and ELISA IgG were 16 % and14% respectively. Concerning to Candidiasis, the incidence rate was 58% out of 100 examined patient sputum samples. The rate of infection among male and female was 59.1 %, and 55.9 % respectively. Intensification of the infection (74.4%) among the age group 31- 50 years was discussed. This study clarified that 38% of Candida positive patient were suffered from bronchial asthma, 24.1% from T.B., 20.7 % from bronchitis & chest pain and 17.2 % from pneumonia. A total of 11 CSF samples were collected from patients admitted to Assiut University Hospitals, Psychic and Neurology Department. Candida tropicalis was isolated from two patients [one from male, 42 years old age and the other from a female, 35 years old age with]. In our study, we found that animal play an important role in the epidemiology of human mycoses either as a vector of pathogenic fungi or as a creator of environmental prerequisites for the development of fungi. The combination of culture method and ELISA can be ideal to confirm the diagnoses of mycoses especially in immunocompromised patients. Also, in cases of recurrent encephalitis, investigation should include examination for fungi in CSF.

Introduction: The possibility of feeding diets containing different levels of crude fiber (3.5, 5.0, 6.5, and 8.0%) in mash or pelleted form on the performance, carcass traits, meat chemical composition and blood biochemistry of broilers during a rearing period from 21-49 days of age was experimented on. Birds, Materials and Methods: A total number of 320 one day old of mixed Hubbard chicks were randomly allotted into four collections, each was subdivided to two groups of 40/each. A commercial iso-caloric iso-nitrogenous mash and pelleted diets of the same feed ingredients were fed for all 8 experimental groups from 0–3 weeks. In the first two groups, birds were fed ad-libitum on broiler grower-finisher experimental diets containing 3.5% crude fiber level in mash or pelleted form while the second, third and fourth collections (groups from 3 to 8) were fed diets with fiber levels of 5.0, 6.5 and 8.0% respectively. All single groups were fed on mash diets, while pelleted diets were fed to the paired groups. Results: The groups fed diet having 3.5 and 5.0% CF recorded nearly equal total feed conversion ratio (1.98 and 1.99, respectively). More food was consumed and less weight gained and by turn higher feed conversion values (2.27 and 2.52) were recorded by the groups fed diets having 6.5 and 8.0% CF respectively. The total weight gain of the groups fed the two diet forms was nearly equal, while pelleting the diet reduced the feed consumption and subsequently, improved the feed conversion during the whole experimental period. Along the whole experimental period, pelleting slightly improved BW, WG and FCR in groups fed diets having 3.5 and 5.0% CF. The groups fed mash and pelleted diets having 6.5 and 8.0% CF recorded higher values for FCR (2.34, 2.26, 2.68 and 2.45) than that recorded by the group fed mash diet having 3.5% CF. There were no significant differences in the dressed carcass, proventriculus percentages, serum biochemical parameters and meat chemical composition among all the treated groups. The group fed on mash diet having 8.0% CF recorded the highest gizzard weight, while the group fed on pelleted diet having 3.5% CF scorded the lowest gizzard weight. The groups fed the pelleted diets recorded significantly lower serum triglycerides levels than that recorded by the groups fed the mash diets. Conclusion: The best performance was obtained for the groups fed on the pelleted diet than that fed on mash diet up to 6.5% CF level.

SUMMARY: A total number of 320 one day old of mixed Hubbard chicks were randomly allotted into four collections, each subdivided to two groups, 40/each. Chicks were experimented to investigate the effect of four dietary levels of crude fiber (3.5, 5.0, 6.5, and 8.0%) without or with enzymes in a factorial arrangement 4 x 2 during growing-finishing period. All the single groups were fed on the diets free enzyme, while the enzyme was added to the diet of the paired groups. The best BWG and FCR were recorded by the groups fed diets having 3.5 and 5.0% CF with enzyme supplementation (2232.94 g & 1.89) and (2116.47 & 1.90) respectively, while the worest values recorded by the groups fed diets having 8.0% CF with or without enzyme(1759.41g & 2.37) and (1748.82 g &2.51) respectively. There were no significant differences in the dressed carcass and proventriculus percentages among all the treated groups. The spleen and gizzard percentages in the birds fed diets having 8% CF with or without enzyme supplementation were significantly increased, while the liver percentages of the same groups were significantly decreased compared with the control. The results obtained concluded that addition of enzyme improved growth performance of broilers up to 6.5 % crude fiber

SUMMARY: A total number of 320 one day old of mixed Hubbard chicks were randomly allotted into four collections, each subdivided to two groups, 40/each. Chicks were experimented to investigate the effect of four dietary levels of crude fiber (3.5, 5.0, 6.5, and 8.0%) without or with enzymes in a factorial arrangement 4 x 2 during growing-finishing period. All the single groups were fed on the diets free enzyme, while the enzyme was added to the diet of the paired groups. The best BWG and FCR were recorded by the groups fed diets having 3.5 and 5.0% CF with enzyme supplementation (2232.94 g & 1.89) and (2116.47 & 1.90) respectively, while the worest values recorded by the groups fed diets having 8.0% CF with or without enzyme(1759.41g & 2.37) and (1748.82 g &2.51) respectively. There were no significant differences in the dressed carcass and proventriculus percentages among all the treated groups. The spleen and gizzard percentages in the birds fed diets having 8% CF with or without enzyme supplementation were significantly increased, while the liver percentages of the same groups were significantly decreased compared with the control. The results obtained concluded that addition of enzyme improved growth performance of broilers up to 6.5 % crude fiber level.

SUMMARY: A total number of 320 one day old of mixed Hubbard chicks were randomly allotted into four collections, each subdivided to two groups, 40/each. Chicks were experimented to investigate the effect of four dietary levels of crude fiber (3.5, 5.0, 6.5, and 8.0%) without or with enzymes in a factorial arrangement 4 x 2 during growing-finishing period. All the single groups were fed on the diets free enzyme, while the enzyme was added to the diet of the paired groups. The best BWG and FCR were recorded by the groups fed diets having 3.5 and 5.0% CF with enzyme supplementation (2232.94 g & 1.89) and (2116.47 & 1.90) respectively, while the worest values recorded by the groups fed diets having 8.0% CF with or without enzyme(1759.41g & 2.37) and (1748.82 g &2.51) respectively. There were no significant differences in the dressed carcass and proventriculus percentages among all the treated groups. The spleen and gizzard percentages in the birds fed diets having 8% CF with or without enzyme supplementation were significantly increased, while the liver percentages of the same groups were significantly decreased compared with the control. The results obtained concluded that addition of enzyme improved growth performance of broilers up to 6.5 % crude fiber level.

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine torsion in buffaloes, examine factors influencing the outcome of the disease, and to characterize the related alterations in blood constituents. A total of 126 buffaloes with uterine torsion were examined for stage of gestation, duration, degree, site and direction of torsion, as well as the location of the pregnant horn. Methods of correction were documented along with dam and calf survival. Blood samples were obtained from 20 buffaloes with uterine torsion and 10 healthy buffaloes for hematological and biochemical comparisons. Results showed that uterine torsion in buffaloes occurred in multi- (81.7%) and primiparous (18.3%), during late pregnancy (58.4%) and at full term (41.6%), clockwise (96%) and counter- clockwise (4%), at post- (98.4%) and precervical (1.6%), and was of high (52.3%), moderate (31%) and mild (16.7%) degrees. Torsion was predominantly (P = 0.01) on same direction of the pregnant horn. Fetal and maternal mortalities occurred in 78.6% and 23.8% of the cases, respectively. The stage of pregnancy, and degree and duration of uterine torsion were major risk factors for fetal mortality (P = 0.0001), while the stage of pregnancy and fetal viability were important risk factors for maternal mortality (P 0.05). There were significant (P 0.05) increases in monocytes, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, blood urea nitrogen, and phosphorus and decreases in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and globulin in the affected buffaloes. Time of occurrence and duration of torsion affected some of these parameters. Uterine torsion appears to be a serious problem in buffaloes that has certain peculiarities including time of occurrence, site and direction of torsion, and the high mortality rates. Uterine torsion adversely affects liver and kidney functions. Multiparous might be at greater risk of uterine torsion. The stage of pregnancy, as well as degree and duration of uterine torsion are risk factors for fetal and maternal mortalities.

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine torsion in buffaloes, examine factors influencing the outcome of the disease, and to characterize the related alterations in blood constituents. A total of 126 buffaloes with uterine torsion were examined for stage of gestation, duration, degree, site and direction of torsion, as well as the location of the pregnant horn. Methods of correction were documented along with dam and calf survival. Blood samples were obtained from 20 buffaloes with uterine torsion and 10 healthy buffaloes for hematological and biochemical comparisons. Results showed that uterine torsion in buffaloes occurred in multi- (81.7%) and primiparous (18.3%), during late pregnancy (58.4%) and at full term (41.6%), clockwise (96%) and counter- clockwise (4%), at post- (98.4%) and precervical (1.6%), and was of high (52.3%), moderate (31%) and mild (16.7%) degrees. Torsion was predominantly (P = 0.01) on same direction of the pregnant horn. Fetal and maternal mortalities occurred in 78.6% and 23.8% of the cases, respectively. The stage of pregnancy, and degree and duration of uterine torsion were major risk factors for fetal mortality (P = 0.0001), while the stage of pregnancy and fetal viability were important risk factors for maternal mortality (P 0.05). There were significant (P 0.05) increases in monocytes, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, blood urea nitrogen, and phosphorus and decreases in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and globulin in the affected buffaloes. Time of occurrence and duration of torsion affected some of these parameters. Uterine torsion appears to be a serious problem in buffaloes that has certain peculiarities including time of occurrence, site and direction of torsion, and the high mortality rates. Uterine torsion adversely affects liver and kidney functions. Multiparous might be at greater risk of uterine torsion. The stage of pregnancy, as well as degree and duration of uterine torsion are risk factors for fetal and maternal mortalities.