Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are used in many pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial products already available in the market. Although they are considered relatively safe, many toxic and pathological alterations in different organs including immune organs were reported after SNP administration. In this study, 10-week-old male mice (n = 20) were divided into two groups. Ten mice received greenly synthesized gelatin-coated silver nanoparticles in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days while the other 10 received 0.5 ml of distilled water daily for 5 days and kept as control. At the sixth day, all mice were sacrificed; blood and tissue samples were collected and prepared for pathological analysis. Liver and kidney lesions were in the form of degenerative and inflammatory changes. Interestingly, the immune organs were drastically affected by SNP treatment. Severe hyperplasia of the Peyer’s patches was noticed in the intestines of intoxicated animals both in gross and microscopic examination. Spleen was enlarged and showed large number of megakaryocytes. The particles were encountered in membrane-bound phagosomes inside macrophages in different organs like lungs and spleen. Blood picture complied to morphological findings with an increase in monocytes and eosinophils accompanied by drop in the platelets count in the intoxicated animals.

Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are used in many pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial products already available in the market. Although they are considered relatively safe, many toxic and pathological alterations in different organs including immune organs were reported after SNP administration. In this study, 10-week-old male mice (n = 20) were divided into two groups. Ten mice received greenly synthesized gelatin-coated silver nanoparticles in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days while the other 10 received 0.5 ml of distilled water daily for 5 days and kept as control. At the sixth day, all mice were sacrificed; blood and tissue samples were collected and prepared for pathological analysis. Liver and kidney lesions were in the form of degenerative and inflammatory changes. Interestingly, the immune organs were drastically affected by SNP treatment. Severe hyperplasia of the Peyer’s patches was noticed in the intestines of intoxicated animals both in gross and microscopic examination. Spleen was enlarged and showed large number of megakaryocytes. The particles were encountered in membrane-bound phagosomes inside macrophages in different organs like lungs and spleen. Blood picture complied to morphological findings with an increase in monocytes and eosinophils accompanied by drop in the platelets count in the intoxicated animals.

Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are used in many pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial products already available in the market. Although they are considered relatively safe, many toxic and pathological alterations in different organs including immune organs were reported after SNP administration. In this study, 10-week-old male mice (n = 20) were divided into two groups. Ten mice received greenly synthesized gelatin-coated silver nanoparticles in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days while the other 10 received 0.5 ml of distilled water daily for 5 days and kept as control. At the sixth day, all mice were sacrificed; blood and tissue samples were collected and prepared for pathological analysis. Liver and kidney lesions were in the form of degenerative and inflammatory changes. Interestingly, the immune organs were drastically affected by SNP treatment. Severe hyperplasia of the Peyer’s patches was noticed in the intestines of intoxicated animals both in gross and microscopic examination. Spleen was enlarged and showed large number of megakaryocytes. The particles were encountered in membrane-bound phagosomes inside macrophages in different organs like lungs and spleen. Blood picture complied to morphological findings with an increase in monocytes and eosinophils accompanied by drop in the platelets count in the intoxicated animals.

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various sources of plants. Numerous scientific investigations have been focused on the biological activities of propolis and its functions as a health supplement in humans. It could have similar function in other animals, such as in poultry. This review is focused on the recent findings concerning the effects of propolis, as an antioxidant, on performance, carcass characteristics, behaviour, immunity, and physiological homeostasis in domesticated poultry species (broiler chickens, laying hens, quail, and duck); and the needs in future poultry research.

NULL

Co-infections are very common in nature and occur when hosts are infected by two or more different pathogens either by simultaneous or secondary infections so that two or more infectious agents are active together in the same host. Co-infections have a fundamental effect and can alter the course and the severity of different fish diseases. However, co-infection effect has still received limited scrutiny in aquatic animals like fish and available data on this subject is still scarce. The susceptibility of fish to different pathogens could be changed during mixed infections causing the appearance of sudden fish outbreaks. In this review, we focus on the synergistic and antagonistic interactions occurring during co-infections by homologous or heterologous pathogens. We present a concise summary about the present knowledge regarding co-infections in fish. More research is needed to better understand the immune response of fish during mixed infections as these could have an important impact on the development of new strategies for disease control programs and vaccination in fish.

Co-infections are very common in nature and occur when hosts are infected by two or more different pathogens either by simultaneous or secondary infections so that two or more infectious agents are active together in the same host. Co-infections have a fundamental effect and can alter the course and the severity of different fish diseases. However, co-infection effect has still received limited scrutiny in aquatic animals like fish and available data on this subject is still scarce. The susceptibility of fish to different pathogens could be changed during mixed infections causing the appearance of sudden fish outbreaks. In this review, we focus on the synergistic and antagonistic interactions occurring during co-infections by homologous or heterologous pathogens. We present a concise summary about the present knowledge regarding co-infections in fish. More research is needed to better understand the immune response of fish during mixed infections as these could have an important impact on the development of new strategies for disease control programs and vaccination in fish.

In this investigation, testes of 20 donkeys ranging from birth to maturity were studied. The postnatal morphologic and morphometric characteristics of donkey’s seminiferous epithelium during the postnatal period were studied. The volume percentage of the tubular compartment (Seminiferous tubules) was about 12.76% in neonates, progressively increased with postnatal age, reaching about 78.42% of the testicular parenchyma in mature donkeys. The seminiferous tubules measured about 205 μm in diameter, and their lining epithelium was about 73.7 μm in height in mature animals. The supporting (Sertoli) and germ cells (gonocytes) were the main components of the seminiferous cord or (tubules). The supporting type gradually decreased in number from neonates through suckling to the premature and mature stages, while they started to acquire the morphological characteristics of mature cells in late suckling period. The gonocytes maintained the same morphological characteristics during the neonatal and suckling periods; however, they showed a slight increase in number during the latter stage. In addition, dividing germ cells were frequently observed. The germ cells were mostly demonstrated in a central position within the testicular cords of neonatal donkeys. In suckling animals, some gonocytes started to contact the basement membrane, whereas in late suckling period, most of germ cells in contact with basement membrane. In premature donkeys, the gonocytes arranged in 2-3 layers between the supporting cells. In addition, the lumination of the seminiferous cords occurred in 1.5 year. The germ cells could be distinguished to spermatogonia, and primary, as well as secondary spermatocytes. Spermatids, at different stages of transformation, were also detected within some seminiferous tubules. In adults, the semniferous cords became more coiled and were totally luminated. All kinds of germ cells could be observed within the seminiferous epithelium, representing the complete seminiferous cycle and spermatogenesis is completed by 2 years of age. The present study provides baseline information for further experiment or quantitative studies exploring normal development of the testis and hormonal regulation of Sertoli cells, spermatogonial stem cells and spermatogenesis in donkey and other related species

In this investigation, testes of 20 donkeys ranging from birth to maturity were studied. The postnatal morphologic and morphometric characteristics of donkey’s seminiferous epithelium during the postnatal period were studied. The volume percentage of the tubular compartment (Seminiferous tubules) was about 12.76% in neonates, progressively increased with postnatal age, reaching about 78.42% of the testicular parenchyma in mature donkeys. The seminiferous tubules measured about 205 μm in diameter, and their lining epithelium was about 73.7 μm in height in mature animals. The supporting (Sertoli) and germ cells (gonocytes) were the main components of the seminiferous cord or (tubules). The supporting type gradually decreased in number from neonates through suckling to the premature and mature stages, while they started to acquire the morphological characteristics of mature cells in late suckling period. The gonocytes maintained the same morphological characteristics during the neonatal and suckling periods; however, they showed a slight increase in number during the latter stage. In addition, dividing germ cells were frequently observed. The germ cells were mostly demonstrated in a central position within the testicular cords of neonatal donkeys. In suckling animals, some gonocytes started to contact the basement membrane, whereas in late suckling period, most of germ cells in contact with basement membrane. In premature donkeys, the gonocytes arranged in 2-3 layers between the supporting cells. In addition, the lumination of the seminiferous cords occurred in 1.5 year. The germ cells could be distinguished to spermatogonia, and primary, as well as secondary spermatocytes. Spermatids, at different stages of transformation, were also detected within some seminiferous tubules. In adults, the semniferous cords became more coiled and were totally luminated. All kinds of germ cells could be observed within the seminiferous epithelium, representing the complete seminiferous cycle and spermatogenesis is completed by 2 years of age. The present study provides baseline information for further experiment or quantitative studies exploring normal development of the testis and hormonal regulation of Sertoli cells, spermatogonial stem cells and spermatogenesis in donkey and other related species

In this investigation, testes of 20 donkeys ranging from birth to maturity were studied. The postnatal morphologic and morphometric characteristics of donkey’s seminiferous epithelium during the postnatal period were studied. The volume percentage of the tubular compartment (Seminiferous tubules) was about 12.76% in neonates, progressively increased with postnatal age, reaching about 78.42% of the testicular parenchyma in mature donkeys. The seminiferous tubules measured about 205 μm in diameter, and their lining epithelium was about 73.7 μm in height in mature animals. The supporting (Sertoli) and germ cells (gonocytes) were the main components of the seminiferous cord or (tubules). The supporting type gradually decreased in number from neonates through suckling to the premature and mature stages, while they started to acquire the morphological characteristics of mature cells in late suckling period. The gonocytes maintained the same morphological characteristics during the neonatal and suckling periods; however, they showed a slight increase in number during the latter stage. In addition, dividing germ cells were frequently observed. The germ cells were mostly demonstrated in a central position within the testicular cords of neonatal donkeys. In suckling animals, some gonocytes started to contact the basement membrane, whereas in late suckling period, most of germ cells in contact with basement membrane. In premature donkeys, the gonocytes arranged in 2-3 layers between the supporting cells. In addition, the lumination of the seminiferous cords occurred in 1.5 year. The germ cells could be distinguished to spermatogonia, and primary, as well as secondary spermatocytes. Spermatids, at different stages of transformation, were also detected within some seminiferous tubules. In adults, the semniferous cords became more coiled and were totally luminated. All kinds of germ cells could be observed within the seminiferous epithelium, representing the complete seminiferous cycle and spermatogenesis is completed by 2 years of age. The present study provides baseline information for further experiment or quantitative studies exploring normal development of the testis and hormonal regulation of Sertoli cells, spermatogonial stem cells and spermatogenesis in donkey and other related species