This study aimed to evaluate clinical and biochemical changes in dairy cows during periparturient period. It was carried out on 38multiparous Holstein/Fersian crossbreed dairy cows 3–11 years old. Using ultrasonography for measurement backfat thickness(BFT) for detection of the energy deficit. BFT on dairy cattle is used to monitor changes in subcutaneous fat thickness whichrepresent changes in energy stores. On the basis of clinical examination and assessment of BHBA concentration in blood, cowswere classified to four groups, control healthy cows (C= 16), subclinical ketosis (SCK = 10), cows with retained placenta (RP =6), and clinical mastitis (CM = 6). BFTshowed a significant decrease (p 0.05) after parturition in all diseased groups comparedwith healthy. The plasma level of NEFA and BHBA showed a significant increase (p 0.05) at 2 weeks a.p (antepartum) and2 weeks p.p (postpartum) in RP and SCK than other groups, respectively. The plasma level of glucose showed a significantdecrease (p 0.05) at 2 weeks p.p in SCK group. The plasma level of insulin showed a significant decrease (p 0.05) at 4 weeksa.p in RP group and in all groups after parturition. It could be concluded that production diseases induced clinical, biochemical,and subcutaneous fat changes in dairy cows.

This study aimed to evaluate clinical and biochemical changes in dairy cows during periparturient period. It was carried out on 38multiparous Holstein/Fersian crossbreed dairy cows 3–11 years old. Using ultrasonography for measurement backfat thickness(BFT) for detection of the energy deficit. BFT on dairy cattle is used to monitor changes in subcutaneous fat thickness whichrepresent changes in energy stores. On the basis of clinical examination and assessment of BHBA concentration in blood, cowswere classified to four groups, control healthy cows (C= 16), subclinical ketosis (SCK = 10), cows with retained placenta (RP =6), and clinical mastitis (CM = 6). BFTshowed a significant decrease (p 0.05) after parturition in all diseased groups comparedwith healthy. The plasma level of NEFA and BHBA showed a significant increase (p 0.05) at 2 weeks a.p (antepartum) and2 weeks p.p (postpartum) in RP and SCK than other groups, respectively. The plasma level of glucose showed a significantdecrease (p 0.05) at 2 weeks p.p in SCK group. The plasma level of insulin showed a significant decrease (p 0.05) at 4 weeksa.p in RP group and in all groups after parturition. It could be concluded that production diseases induced clinical, biochemical,and subcutaneous fat changes in dairy cows.

This study aimed to evaluate clinical and biochemical changes in dairy cows during periparturient period. It was carried out on 38multiparous Holstein/Fersian crossbreed dairy cows 3–11 years old. Using ultrasonography for measurement backfat thickness(BFT) for detection of the energy deficit. BFT on dairy cattle is used to monitor changes in subcutaneous fat thickness whichrepresent changes in energy stores. On the basis of clinical examination and assessment of BHBA concentration in blood, cowswere classified to four groups, control healthy cows (C= 16), subclinical ketosis (SCK = 10), cows with retained placenta (RP =6), and clinical mastitis (CM = 6). BFTshowed a significant decrease (p 0.05) after parturition in all diseased groups comparedwith healthy. The plasma level of NEFA and BHBA showed a significant increase (p 0.05) at 2 weeks a.p (antepartum) and2 weeks p.p (postpartum) in RP and SCK than other groups, respectively. The plasma level of glucose showed a significantdecrease (p 0.05) at 2 weeks p.p in SCK group. The plasma level of insulin showed a significant decrease (p 0.05) at 4 weeksa.p in RP group and in all groups after parturition. It could be concluded that production diseases induced clinical, biochemical,and subcutaneous fat changes in dairy cows.

A feeding trial of 120 days duration was conducted to study the effect of replacing 20 and 25 % of camel ration by poultry litter (PL) on the performance and some blood biochemical parameters. Fifteen healthy one–humped camels were allotted into three groups (5 animals / group). The first group was fed a basal ration and considered as control, while the second and third groups were fed rations in which poultry litter replaced 20 and 25 % of the basal ration. There was no significant differences in the dry matter intake and digestion coefficients of dry matter and ether extract between the different groups and camels fed on ration containing poultry litter had significantly (P 0.05) decreased daily gain and feed conversion compared to the control. The apparent digestibility of crude protein by camels increased with 20 % poultry litter in the ration compared with other treatments. Digestibility of crude fibre was higher in rations containing poultry litter compared to control one. No significant differences were observed in blood biochemical parameters except urea and uric acid concentrations were significantly (P 0.05) higher in the serum of animals fed on poultry litter. In general, it could be concluded that, dried poultry litter can be utilized efficiently and safely in rations of camels up to a level of 25 % without adversely effect on performance.

A feeding trial of 120 days duration was conducted to study the effect of replacing 20 and 25 % of camel ration by poultry litter (PL) on the performance and some blood biochemical parameters. Fifteen healthy one–humped camels were allotted into three groups (5 animals / group). The first group was fed a basal ration and considered as control, while the second and third groups were fed rations in which poultry litter replaced 20 and 25 % of the basal ration. There was no significant differences in the dry matter intake and digestion coefficients of dry matter and ether extract between the different groups and camels fed on ration containing poultry litter had significantly (P 0.05) decreased daily gain and feed conversion compared to the control. The apparent digestibility of crude protein by camels increased with 20 % poultry litter in the ration compared with other treatments. Digestibility of crude fibre was higher in rations containing poultry litter compared to control one. No significant differences were observed in blood biochemical parameters except urea and uric acid concentrations were significantly (P 0.05) higher in the serum of animals fed on poultry litter. In general, it could be concluded that, dried poultry litter can be utilized efficiently and safely in rations of camels up to a level of 25 % without adversely effect on performance.

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