almonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are among the predominant Salmonella serotypes in the Egyptian poultry farms. Salmonella has the ability to build up biofilms on a variety of surfaces. The antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) on prevention and controlling of biofilm by Salmonella spp. was estimated. Silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis with MIC value at 15µg/ml, while, that of NaOCL was 1600 µg/ml. AgNPs (25 ug/ml) could inhibit biofilm formation at percentages of 84.96% and 78.85% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. A percentage of 87 % biofilm removal by AgNPS after 3 h contact with the built-up biofilm produced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was recorded. NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) exhibited inhibition percentages of biofilm formation at 83.89% and 75.76% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. While, biofilm removal percentages after 2 h contact between NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) with the formed biofilm by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 87.42% and 89.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that AgNPs and NaOCl were able to promote a significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Also, AgNPs and NaOCl effectively oppress the mature biofilms formed and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of contact time with the biofilms.

almonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are among the predominant Salmonella serotypes in the Egyptian poultry farms. Salmonella has the ability to build up biofilms on a variety of surfaces. The antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) on prevention and controlling of biofilm by Salmonella spp. was estimated. Silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis with MIC value at 15µg/ml, while, that of NaOCL was 1600 µg/ml. AgNPs (25 ug/ml) could inhibit biofilm formation at percentages of 84.96% and 78.85% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. A percentage of 87 % biofilm removal by AgNPS after 3 h contact with the built-up biofilm produced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was recorded. NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) exhibited inhibition percentages of biofilm formation at 83.89% and 75.76% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. While, biofilm removal percentages after 2 h contact between NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) with the formed biofilm by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 87.42% and 89.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that AgNPs and NaOCl were able to promote a significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Also, AgNPs and NaOCl effectively oppress the mature biofilms formed and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of contact time with the biofilms.

almonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are among the predominant Salmonella serotypes in the Egyptian poultry farms. Salmonella has the ability to build up biofilms on a variety of surfaces. The antibiofilm activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) on prevention and controlling of biofilm by Salmonella spp. was estimated. Silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis with MIC value at 15µg/ml, while, that of NaOCL was 1600 µg/ml. AgNPs (25 ug/ml) could inhibit biofilm formation at percentages of 84.96% and 78.85% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. A percentage of 87 % biofilm removal by AgNPS after 3 h contact with the built-up biofilm produced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was recorded. NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) exhibited inhibition percentages of biofilm formation at 83.89% and 75.76% against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. While, biofilm removal percentages after 2 h contact between NaOCL (2200 µg/ml) with the formed biofilm by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 87.42% and 89.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that AgNPs and NaOCl were able to promote a significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Also, AgNPs and NaOCl effectively oppress the mature biofilms formed and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of contact time with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentage of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

The likelihood substitution of low priced meat or tissues for that of high priced one has increased as the replacement of chicken meat instead of beef. So, the idea of this study were to find out this fraud by detection of chicken DNA and to discover foreign chicken tissue types histologically, especially in heated ready to eat (RTE) beef products. Fifty samples of ready to eat (RTE) Kofta and hawawshy (25 each) were collected in Assiut city. Polymerase chain reaction technique was applied on 12S rRNA gene for detection of chicken DNA in the collected samples. Out of the total examined kofta and hawawshy samples, 78% (39/50) of the examined samples were found to be adulterated with chicken DNA. Different foreign tissues were found histologically. The results of this research indicated that the quality of examined RTE meat products was very bad and therefore strict control on such products should be applied by appropriate authorities.

Campylobacter was investigated in chicken meat and chicken meat product harvested in Assiut. The conventional isolation method were used for isolation of campylobacter and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of ninety samples of fresh, frozen whole chicken carcasses and chicken based products (30 samples each), 20/30 (66.7%) was positive for Campylobacter by conventional isolation method in each of examined fresh and frozen whole chicken carcasses. Two samples were isolated from chicken nuggets. Campylobacter couldn’t be detected in chicken burger. Eighty percent (16/20) was positive for campylobacter genus by the simplex PCR in each of examined fresh and frozen whole chicken carcass. Equal frequencies of C. jejuni (87.5%) fourteen out of sixteen samples confirmed positive for Campylobacter genus by the simplex PCR) were noticed in each of examined fresh and frozen whole chicken carcasses, while C. coli detected at rate of 14/16(87.5%) and 12/16(75%), respectively by duplex PCR assay. Both of C. jejuni and C. coli were detected and confirmed by duplex PCR in the two positive samples of chicken nuggets. According to this study, it appears that the incidence of C. jejuni and C. coli almost equal in the examined samples. Also nearly the same rate of occurrence of campylobacter in fresh and frozen chicken carcass, but in chicken meat products is very low.

Campylobacter was investigated in chicken meat and chicken meat product harvested in Assiut. The conventional isolation method were used for isolation of campylobacter and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of ninety samples of fresh, frozen whole chicken carcasses and chicken based products (30 samples each), 20/30 (66.7%) was positive for Campylobacter by conventional isolation method in each of examined fresh and frozen whole chicken carcasses. Two samples were isolated from chicken nuggets. Campylobacter couldn’t be detected in chicken burger. Eighty percent (16/20) was positive for campylobacter genus by the simplex PCR in each of examined fresh and frozen whole chicken carcass. Equal frequencies of C. jejuni (87.5%) fourteen out of sixteen samples confirmed positive for Campylobacter genus by the simplex PCR) were noticed in each of examined fresh and frozen whole chicken carcasses, while C. coli detected at rate of 14/16(87.5%) and 12/16(75%), respectively by duplex PCR assay. Both of C. jejuni and C. coli were detected and confirmed by duplex PCR in the two positive samples of chicken nuggets. According to this study, it appears that the incidence of C. jejuni and C. coli almost equal in the examined samples. Also nearly the same rate of occurrence of campylobacter in fresh and frozen chicken carcass, but in chicken meat products is very low.