Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) comprises a class of environmentally persistent chemicals that have a wide range of industrial applications. In this study 160 pregnant dams were divided into two equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each of them was subdivided into two groups, treated group of 60 dams and control group of 20 dams. Treated group was re-subdivided into three equal groups. Dams in PFOS group were treated with concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in PFOA group were treated with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. Ten dams of each group were treated from gestation day 0 (GD0) till gestation day 17 (GD17). At GD18 dams were euthanized under anesthesia. The gravid uterus were removed and examined for prenatal evaluation of fetuses. The liver of the fetuses were dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Individual live fetuses were prepared for teratological evaluation. While the other ten dams were treated from GD0 till GD18 and then allowed to give birth. The neonates of 5 dams were monitored for 4 days for postnatal survival. Neonates of the remaining 5 dams were kept in the fixative till histopathological examination. Control group were received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Results revealed that PFOS caused DNA damage in fetal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Prenatal finding revealed that PFOS treatment reduce the number of live fetuses accompanied with increased fetal resorption. PFOS reduces fetal body weight in a dose dependent manner, while PFOA reduces the fetal body weight at dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Gross examination of the fetuses at GD18 showed presence of abnormal swelling in the back of the neck in all fetuses treated with 20 mg/kg group. Teratological evaluation revealed the presence of several skeletal abnormalities in PFOS and few abnormalities in PFOA groups. Neonates borne with reduction in body weight and showed the presence of the bilateral swelling and accompanied by neonatal death, while in PFOA group there was reduction in body weight and survival rate only. Histopathological examination of both, bilateral swelling and lung revealed dilatation of the blood vessels between cranial bone area and brain, and slight to sever atalectasis, respectively. The study concluded that both PFOS and PFOA were toxic to neonates with different degrees and PFOS recorded the most toxic one and the embryo may die from the lesion formed over the brain.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) comprises a class of environmentally persistent chemicals that have a wide range of industrial applications. In this study 160 pregnant dams were divided into two equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each of them was subdivided into two groups, treated group of 60 dams and control group of 20 dams. Treated group was re-subdivided into three equal groups. Dams in PFOS group were treated with concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in PFOA group were treated with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. Ten dams of each group were treated from gestation day 0 (GD0) till gestation day 17 (GD17). At GD18 dams were euthanized under anesthesia. The gravid uterus were removed and examined for prenatal evaluation of fetuses. The liver of the fetuses were dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Individual live fetuses were prepared for teratological evaluation. While the other ten dams were treated from GD0 till GD18 and then allowed to give birth. The neonates of 5 dams were monitored for 4 days for postnatal survival. Neonates of the remaining 5 dams were kept in the fixative till histopathological examination. Control group were received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Results revealed that PFOS caused DNA damage in fetal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Prenatal finding revealed that PFOS treatment reduce the number of live fetuses accompanied with increased fetal resorption. PFOS reduces fetal body weight in a dose dependent manner, while PFOA reduces the fetal body weight at dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Gross examination of the fetuses at GD18 showed presence of abnormal swelling in the back of the neck in all fetuses treated with 20 mg/kg group. Teratological evaluation revealed the presence of several skeletal abnormalities in PFOS and few abnormalities in PFOA groups. Neonates borne with reduction in body weight and showed the presence of the bilateral swelling and accompanied by neonatal death, while in PFOA group there was reduction in body weight and survival rate only. Histopathological examination of both, bilateral swelling and lung revealed dilatation of the blood vessels between cranial bone area and brain, and slight to sever atalectasis, respectively. The study concluded that both PFOS and PFOA were toxic to neonates with different degrees and PFOS recorded the most toxic one and the embryo may die from the lesion formed over the brain.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) comprises a class of environmentally persistent chemicals that have a wide range of industrial applications. In this study 160 pregnant dams were divided into two equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each of them was subdivided into two groups, treated group of 60 dams and control group of 20 dams. Treated group was re-subdivided into three equal groups. Dams in PFOS group were treated with concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in PFOA group were treated with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. Ten dams of each group were treated from gestation day 0 (GD0) till gestation day 17 (GD17). At GD18 dams were euthanized under anesthesia. The gravid uterus were removed and examined for prenatal evaluation of fetuses. The liver of the fetuses were dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Individual live fetuses were prepared for teratological evaluation. While the other ten dams were treated from GD0 till GD18 and then allowed to give birth. The neonates of 5 dams were monitored for 4 days for postnatal survival. Neonates of the remaining 5 dams were kept in the fixative till histopathological examination. Control group were received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Results revealed that PFOS caused DNA damage in fetal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Prenatal finding revealed that PFOS treatment reduce the number of live fetuses accompanied with increased fetal resorption. PFOS reduces fetal body weight in a dose dependent manner, while PFOA reduces the fetal body weight at dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Gross examination of the fetuses at GD18 showed presence of abnormal swelling in the back of the neck in all fetuses treated with 20 mg/kg group. Teratological evaluation revealed the presence of several skeletal abnormalities in PFOS and few abnormalities in PFOA groups. Neonates borne with reduction in body weight and showed the presence of the bilateral swelling and accompanied by neonatal death, while in PFOA group there was reduction in body weight and survival rate only. Histopathological examination of both, bilateral swelling and lung revealed dilatation of the blood vessels between cranial bone area and brain, and slight to sever atalectasis, respectively. The study concluded that both PFOS and PFOA were toxic to neonates with different degrees and PFOS recorded the most toxic one and the embryo may die from the lesion formed over the brain.

The deterioration of environmental quality through contamination of air, water, soil and food has existed as a serious problem under the ever-increasing population and industrialization of the society. Dioxins are considered of the most dangerous environmental pollutants that persist and bioaccumulate in different environmental compartments. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was shown to be highly toxic compound to different animal species. The environmental and health effects of this compound which, is a member of a large family of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, have been studied. In this study, the effects of TCDD on the hemogram of albino rats have been studied after oral exposure to sublethal doses for short and long term. In the first experiment, rats were once orally intubated with 4.4 µg/kg body weight TCDD in corn oil while in the second one; rats were intubated 0.44 µg/kg body weight TCDD in corn oil day after day for 12 weeks. Exposure of albino rats to TCDD results in variable degree of anemia as significant decrease in RBCs, Hb and PCV has been recorded in acutely toxicated animals. This decrease indicates microcytic hypochromic anemia in acutely TCDD-orally-exposed rats. Meanwhile, in long term toxicity animals, there was significant increase in RBCs and PCV accompanied with decrease in Hb concentration which indicates macrocytic hypochromic anemia. Total Leucocytic count showed significant decrease in animals acutely or chronically treated with TCDD after 24 hours and till the end of the experiments. These results were accompanied with hypoplasia of bone marrow of the tested animals as significant decrease was recorded in lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils count as well as their percentages. TCDD has myelotoxic effects on bone marrow appeared in the form of hypoplasia as well as apoptosis of its cellularity. Lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and megakaryocytic series were severely affected by feeding TCDD. These effects shown to be time-dependant as it increases with the elongation of the time of exposure. Anemia together with bone marrow affection and other parameters of impairment of hepatic functions are indicative for hematotoxic effects of TCDD.

يمثل التلوث البيئى واحدة من أهم المشاكل التى تواجه البشرية قاطبة خلال الألفية الثالثة وذلك نتيجة النشاط الانسانى المتزايد فى كافة مجالات الحياة والتنافس الشرس على الغذاء بين الكائنات الحية المختلفة ومنها وبالتأكيد فى مقدمتها الانسان. وقد تميزت البيئة منذ القدم بوجود توازن صارم ودقيق قائم وبصفة دائمة بين عناصرها المختلفة حيث وجد هناك دائما مايمكن أن يسمى بالنظام البيئى (Ecosystem) وبالطبع تساهم كل مكونات البيئة كل فيما يخصه بالحفاظ على هذا النطام البيئى قائما ومستمرا وفاعلا. وبمرور الزمن وحدوث التطور والتقدم الانسانى فى كافة نواحى الحياة وحلول ماسمى بعصر النهضة الصناعية وماصاحب ذلك من تقدم هائل فى مجالات الزراعة والصناعة والعلم والطب والتقنيات المختلفة حدث اضطراب فى هذا التوازن البيئى الذى استمر ملايين السنين. لقد زاد الأنتاج الزراعى والصناعى مئات المرات وفى المقابل ارتفع متوسط عمر الانسان وزاد عدد سكان الأرض زيادة رهيبة حتى وصل وقت كتابة هذه المقالة الى أكثر من سبعة مليارات نسمة تتنافس على كل شيئ مثل الغذاء والماء الصالح للشرب والطاقة بل وتتنافس أيضا فى صب كافة أنواع الملوثات فى هذه البيئة المسكينة. وأصيبت التربة الزراعية بالتلوث نتيجة الاستخدام المستمر والمتزايد للمخصبات الزراعية لتغذية النبات والمبيدات الحشرية لمقاومة الآفات. وتعرف الآفة بأنها عبارة عن كائن حى يسبب أضرارا للانسان وممتلكاته. وتسبب هذه الأضرار نقصا فى قيمة وكمية مصادر ومقومات حياة الانسان الهامة كنتيجة لتأثيرها على انتاجية ونوعية المحاصيل المختلفة والحيوانات والمواد الغذائية والألياف وكذلك تحدث خللا فى النظم البيئية المختلفة نتيجة احتدام الصراع بينها وبين الانسان على الغذاء. وتشمل الآفات مدى واسعا من الكائنات الحية مثل الحشرات (Insects) والقراد (Ticks) والنيماتودا (Nematodes) والفطريات (Fungi) والبكتيريا (Bacteria) والفيروسات (Viruses) والحشائش (Weeds) والقوارض (Rodents) والطيور(Birds) والرخويات (Mollusks) والقشريات (Crustaceans) وغيرها. وتعد الحشرات من أخطر أنواع الآفات فقد سجل منها نحو عشرة آلاف نوع كآفات ضارة بالمحاصيل والحيوانات النافعة والانسان والمنتجات المخزونة. ويعد إستخدام المبيدات الحشرية وكذلك مبيدات الحشائش ومبيدات الفطريات فى الأغراض الزراعية وفى مجال الطب البيطرى وفى أغراض أخرى كثيرة من أهم الأسباب التى أدت إلى تلوث البيئة فى الآونة الأخيرة . يرجع ذلك إلى عدة عوامل أهمها:- 1- الإسراف في عمليات الرش لمكافحة الآفات الزراعية وبدون مناسبة أو ضرورة علمية فى معظم الأحيان . 2- الأستخدام السيئ للمبيدات بواسطة المربين والفلاحين والمزارعين . 3- إتصال الترع والقنوات ومصادر المياه المختلفة ببعضها البعض مما قد يساعد على إنتشار هذه الملوثات. 4- الصرف الزراعى على مياه قد تستخدم بعد ذلك للري أو لشرب الحيوان أو حتي الإنسان. 5- عدم وضع المدة التى يتطلبها التخلص من المبيد فى الأعتبار عند تسويق المنتجات الزراعية والحيوانية. 6- دخول نوعيات غير مصرح بها من المبيدات إلى السوق فى غيبة الرقابة على سوق المبيدات. إنه من الصعوبة بمكان حصر عدد المركبات الكيميائية التى تم إستخدامها كمبيدات حشرية وخلافة فقد تزايد إستخدام هذه المركبات فى العقود الأخيرة بمعدلات غير مسبوقة. ولكن لا يمكن إنكار أن المبيدات قد لعبت دوراً كبيراً فى توفير المحاصيل الزراعية وحماية الأنسان والحيوان والنبات من غوائل الحشرات الفتاكة والحشائش الضارة وغيرها من الأفات. والمبيد يمكن تعريفه بأنه مادة كيميائية أو خليط من مواد كيميائية له أو لها ميزة القضاء على الآفات التى تلحق أضرارا بالمحاصيل الزراعية أو الثروة الحيوانية قد تصل الى حد الكارثة وذلك اما بقتلها أو بمنع تكاثرها أو طرها بهدف تخفيض أعدادها الى الحد الغير ضار اقتصاديا. ولقد انتشر استعمال المبيدات انتشارا واسعا فى بقاع العالم المختلفة, حيث أمكن بذلك ثخفيض الأضرار الناتجة عن الآفات وزيادة الأنتاج ولكنه أدى أيضا الى ظهور مصاعب كثيرة متعلقة بحماية الأنسان والحيوا والبيئة من أخطار هذه المواد السامة. اذن تعتبر هذه المواد سلاح ذو حدين فهى فعالة وقوية ضد الحشرات أو الآفات الضارة بالزروع وبالحيوانات وبالانسان الا أنها تشكل خطرا على من يستعملها وعلى الحيوانات والدواجن وحتى على الحشرات النافعة مثل النحل وكذلك المفيدة للنبات مثل الأعداء الطبيعية للآفات. وتعد مشكلة المتبقيات وتأثيراتها التراكمية على صحة الانسان والحيوان وماينتج عنها من أمراض كثيرة وخطيرة وكيفية مواجهتها من أهم التحديات التى تواجه العالم فى الألفية الثالثة.