perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)has similar characteristics to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in reproduction toxicity featured by neonatal death. We found that PFOS exposure to mice during pregnancy led to intracranial blood vessel dilatation of fetuses accompanied by severe lung collapse which caused neonatal mortality. Thus we adopted the corresponding experimental design to PFOS in order to characterize the neonatal death by PFOA. 1,5 and 10 mg/kg PFOA were given to pregnant ICR mice daily by gavage from gestation day (GD) 0 to GD 17 and 18 for prenatal and postnatal evaluation respectively. This research showed that the cause of neonatal death by PFOA may be different from PFOS.

perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)has similar characteristics to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in reproduction toxicity featured by neonatal death. We found that PFOS exposure to mice during pregnancy led to intracranial blood vessel dilatation of fetuses accompanied by severe lung collapse which caused neonatal mortality. Thus we adopted the corresponding experimental design to PFOS in order to characterize the neonatal death by PFOA. 1,5 and 10 mg/kg PFOA were given to pregnant ICR mice daily by gavage from gestation day (GD) 0 to GD 17 and 18 for prenatal and postnatal evaluation respectively. This research showed that the cause of neonatal death by PFOA may be different from PFOS.

As many studies have been done to evaluate the emission of pollutants to the environment from the superphosphate factory at Manqabad, Egypt; Re-evaluation of the hazardous effect of the super phosphate factory by- products at Assiut Governorate, Egypt was the goal of this study. This study indicated that there is great promotion in the situation of pollution at the areas surrounding the factory except that is very close to the plant.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCS), such as perflurooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been used for various industrial applications for over 50 years In this study 160 pregnant dams were subjected to this study; Dams were divided into two main equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each group was subdivided into two groups, treated group (60 dams) and control group (20 dams). Both treated groups where re-divided into three equal groups. Dams in first group were treated with PFOS in concentration of 1, 10 or 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in second group were treated with PFOA in concentration of 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg b.w. Control group was received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Maternal body weight, food consumption and water intake were monitored daily throughout gestation period. Ten dams of each subgroup were treated from gestation day (GD) 0 till GD17, At GD18, blood samples were collected and serum samples were obtained for determination of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulins, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, non esterified fatty acids, hydroxyl butyric acid and serum leptin concentration. Maternal liver, kidneys, lungs and brain were dissected and weighed; the organ/body weight ratio was calculated to obtain the relative organ weight and then kept for histopathological examination.. A portion of the liver was dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Results revealed significant reduction in maternal weight gain and daily feed consumption after exposure to 20 mg/kg PFOS and 10 mg/kg PFOA. Daily water intake was significantly increased after exposure to 20 mg/kg PFOS and 5 mg/kg PFOA in late gestation. There were significant increases in the absolute and relative weight of the maternal liver in a dose dependent manner associated with hypertrophy of hepatic cells after exposure to both of PFOS and PFOA, and significant increase in the relative lung and brain weight after exposure to PFOS at 20 mg/kg group. Relative kidney weight was significantly increased after exposure to PFOA. Serum lipids, protein and leptin levels were significantly decreased after exposure to PFOS and PFOA at 20 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively. In addition, exposure to PFOA resulted in significant increases in serum GGT, AST, ALP activities. PFOS treatment induced DNA damage in maternal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg groups. However, exposure to PFOA induced DNA damage at 10 mg/kg. From the previous results we can conclude that PFOS and PFOA have toxic effects on the pregnant mice and PFOA recorded the most toxic one. Further study will be carried on fetuses and neonates.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCS), such as perflurooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been used for various industrial applications for over 50 years In this study 160 pregnant dams were subjected to this study; Dams were divided into two main equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each group was subdivided into two groups, treated group (60 dams) and control group (20 dams). Both treated groups where re-divided into three equal groups. Dams in first group were treated with PFOS in concentration of 1, 10 or 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in second group were treated with PFOA in concentration of 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg b.w. Control group was received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Maternal body weight, food consumption and water intake were monitored daily throughout gestation period. Ten dams of each subgroup were treated from gestation day (GD) 0 till GD17, At GD18, blood samples were collected and serum samples were obtained for determination of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulins, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, non esterified fatty acids, hydroxyl butyric acid and serum leptin concentration. Maternal liver, kidneys, lungs and brain were dissected and weighed; the organ/body weight ratio was calculated to obtain the relative organ weight and then kept for histopathological examination.. A portion of the liver was dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Results revealed significant reduction in maternal weight gain and daily feed consumption after exposure to 20 mg/kg PFOS and 10 mg/kg PFOA. Daily water intake was significantly increased after exposure to 20 mg/kg PFOS and 5 mg/kg PFOA in late gestation. There were significant increases in the absolute and relative weight of the maternal liver in a dose dependent manner associated with hypertrophy of hepatic cells after exposure to both of PFOS and PFOA, and significant increase in the relative lung and brain weight after exposure to PFOS at 20 mg/kg group. Relative kidney weight was significantly increased after exposure to PFOA. Serum lipids, protein and leptin levels were significantly decreased after exposure to PFOS and PFOA at 20 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively. In addition, exposure to PFOA resulted in significant increases in serum GGT, AST, ALP activities. PFOS treatment induced DNA damage in maternal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg groups. However, exposure to PFOA induced DNA damage at 10 mg/kg. From the previous results we can conclude that PFOS and PFOA have toxic effects on the pregnant mice and PFOA recorded the most toxic one. Further study will be carried on fetuses and neonates.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCS), such as perflurooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been used for various industrial applications for over 50 years In this study 160 pregnant dams were subjected to this study; Dams were divided into two main equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each group was subdivided into two groups, treated group (60 dams) and control group (20 dams). Both treated groups where re-divided into three equal groups. Dams in first group were treated with PFOS in concentration of 1, 10 or 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in second group were treated with PFOA in concentration of 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg b.w. Control group was received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Maternal body weight, food consumption and water intake were monitored daily throughout gestation period. Ten dams of each subgroup were treated from gestation day (GD) 0 till GD17, At GD18, blood samples were collected and serum samples were obtained for determination of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulins, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, non esterified fatty acids, hydroxyl butyric acid and serum leptin concentration. Maternal liver, kidneys, lungs and brain were dissected and weighed; the organ/body weight ratio was calculated to obtain the relative organ weight and then kept for histopathological examination.. A portion of the liver was dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Results revealed significant reduction in maternal weight gain and daily feed consumption after exposure to 20 mg/kg PFOS and 10 mg/kg PFOA. Daily water intake was significantly increased after exposure to 20 mg/kg PFOS and 5 mg/kg PFOA in late gestation. There were significant increases in the absolute and relative weight of the maternal liver in a dose dependent manner associated with hypertrophy of hepatic cells after exposure to both of PFOS and PFOA, and significant increase in the relative lung and brain weight after exposure to PFOS at 20 mg/kg group. Relative kidney weight was significantly increased after exposure to PFOA. Serum lipids, protein and leptin levels were significantly decreased after exposure to PFOS and PFOA at 20 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively. In addition, exposure to PFOA resulted in significant increases in serum GGT, AST, ALP activities. PFOS treatment induced DNA damage in maternal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg groups. However, exposure to PFOA induced DNA damage at 10 mg/kg. From the previous results we can conclude that PFOS and PFOA have toxic effects on the pregnant mice and PFOA recorded the most toxic one. Further study will be carried on fetuses and neonates.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) comprises a class of environmentally persistent chemicals that have a wide range of industrial applications. In this study 160 pregnant dams were divided into two equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each of them was subdivided into two groups, treated group of 60 dams and control group of 20 dams. Treated group was re-subdivided into three equal groups. Dams in PFOS group were treated with concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in PFOA group were treated with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. Ten dams of each group were treated from gestation day 0 (GD0) till gestation day 17 (GD17). At GD18 dams were euthanized under anesthesia. The gravid uterus were removed and examined for prenatal evaluation of fetuses. The liver of the fetuses were dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Individual live fetuses were prepared for teratological evaluation. While the other ten dams were treated from GD0 till GD18 and then allowed to give birth. The neonates of 5 dams were monitored for 4 days for postnatal survival. Neonates of the remaining 5 dams were kept in the fixative till histopathological examination. Control group were received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Results revealed that PFOS caused DNA damage in fetal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Prenatal finding revealed that PFOS treatment reduce the number of live fetuses accompanied with increased fetal resorption. PFOS reduces fetal body weight in a dose dependent manner, while PFOA reduces the fetal body weight at dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Gross examination of the fetuses at GD18 showed presence of abnormal swelling in the back of the neck in all fetuses treated with 20 mg/kg group. Teratological evaluation revealed the presence of several skeletal abnormalities in PFOS and few abnormalities in PFOA groups. Neonates borne with reduction in body weight and showed the presence of the bilateral swelling and accompanied by neonatal death, while in PFOA group there was reduction in body weight and survival rate only. Histopathological examination of both, bilateral swelling and lung revealed dilatation of the blood vessels between cranial bone area and brain, and slight to sever atalectasis, respectively. The study concluded that both PFOS and PFOA were toxic to neonates with different degrees and PFOS recorded the most toxic one and the embryo may die from the lesion formed over the brain.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) comprises a class of environmentally persistent chemicals that have a wide range of industrial applications. In this study 160 pregnant dams were divided into two equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each of them was subdivided into two groups, treated group of 60 dams and control group of 20 dams. Treated group was re-subdivided into three equal groups. Dams in PFOS group were treated with concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in PFOA group were treated with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. Ten dams of each group were treated from gestation day 0 (GD0) till gestation day 17 (GD17). At GD18 dams were euthanized under anesthesia. The gravid uterus were removed and examined for prenatal evaluation of fetuses. The liver of the fetuses were dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Individual live fetuses were prepared for teratological evaluation. While the other ten dams were treated from GD0 till GD18 and then allowed to give birth. The neonates of 5 dams were monitored for 4 days for postnatal survival. Neonates of the remaining 5 dams were kept in the fixative till histopathological examination. Control group were received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Results revealed that PFOS caused DNA damage in fetal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Prenatal finding revealed that PFOS treatment reduce the number of live fetuses accompanied with increased fetal resorption. PFOS reduces fetal body weight in a dose dependent manner, while PFOA reduces the fetal body weight at dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Gross examination of the fetuses at GD18 showed presence of abnormal swelling in the back of the neck in all fetuses treated with 20 mg/kg group. Teratological evaluation revealed the presence of several skeletal abnormalities in PFOS and few abnormalities in PFOA groups. Neonates borne with reduction in body weight and showed the presence of the bilateral swelling and accompanied by neonatal death, while in PFOA group there was reduction in body weight and survival rate only. Histopathological examination of both, bilateral swelling and lung revealed dilatation of the blood vessels between cranial bone area and brain, and slight to sever atalectasis, respectively. The study concluded that both PFOS and PFOA were toxic to neonates with different degrees and PFOS recorded the most toxic one and the embryo may die from the lesion formed over the brain.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) comprises a class of environmentally persistent chemicals that have a wide range of industrial applications. In this study 160 pregnant dams were divided into two equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each of them was subdivided into two groups, treated group of 60 dams and control group of 20 dams. Treated group was re-subdivided into three equal groups. Dams in PFOS group were treated with concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in PFOA group were treated with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. Ten dams of each group were treated from gestation day 0 (GD0) till gestation day 17 (GD17). At GD18 dams were euthanized under anesthesia. The gravid uterus were removed and examined for prenatal evaluation of fetuses. The liver of the fetuses were dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Individual live fetuses were prepared for teratological evaluation. While the other ten dams were treated from GD0 till GD18 and then allowed to give birth. The neonates of 5 dams were monitored for 4 days for postnatal survival. Neonates of the remaining 5 dams were kept in the fixative till histopathological examination. Control group were received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Results revealed that PFOS caused DNA damage in fetal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Prenatal finding revealed that PFOS treatment reduce the number of live fetuses accompanied with increased fetal resorption. PFOS reduces fetal body weight in a dose dependent manner, while PFOA reduces the fetal body weight at dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Gross examination of the fetuses at GD18 showed presence of abnormal swelling in the back of the neck in all fetuses treated with 20 mg/kg group. Teratological evaluation revealed the presence of several skeletal abnormalities in PFOS and few abnormalities in PFOA groups. Neonates borne with reduction in body weight and showed the presence of the bilateral swelling and accompanied by neonatal death, while in PFOA group there was reduction in body weight and survival rate only. Histopathological examination of both, bilateral swelling and lung revealed dilatation of the blood vessels between cranial bone area and brain, and slight to sever atalectasis, respectively. The study concluded that both PFOS and PFOA were toxic to neonates with different degrees and PFOS recorded the most toxic one and the embryo may die from the lesion formed over the brain.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) comprises a class of environmentally persistent chemicals that have a wide range of industrial applications. In this study 160 pregnant dams were divided into two equal groups, PFOS and PFOA groups. Each of them was subdivided into two groups, treated group of 60 dams and control group of 20 dams. Treated group was re-subdivided into three equal groups. Dams in PFOS group were treated with concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., while dams in PFOA group were treated with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w. Ten dams of each group were treated from gestation day 0 (GD0) till gestation day 17 (GD17). At GD18 dams were euthanized under anesthesia. The gravid uterus were removed and examined for prenatal evaluation of fetuses. The liver of the fetuses were dissected and used immediately for comet assay. Individual live fetuses were prepared for teratological evaluation. While the other ten dams were treated from GD0 till GD18 and then allowed to give birth. The neonates of 5 dams were monitored for 4 days for postnatal survival. Neonates of the remaining 5 dams were kept in the fixative till histopathological examination. Control group were received an equivalent volume of deionized water. Results revealed that PFOS caused DNA damage in fetal liver at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Prenatal finding revealed that PFOS treatment reduce the number of live fetuses accompanied with increased fetal resorption. PFOS reduces fetal body weight in a dose dependent manner, while PFOA reduces the fetal body weight at dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Gross examination of the fetuses at GD18 showed presence of abnormal swelling in the back of the neck in all fetuses treated with 20 mg/kg group. Teratological evaluation revealed the presence of several skeletal abnormalities in PFOS and few abnormalities in PFOA groups. Neonates borne with reduction in body weight and showed the presence of the bilateral swelling and accompanied by neonatal death, while in PFOA group there was reduction in body weight and survival rate only. Histopathological examination of both, bilateral swelling and lung revealed dilatation of the blood vessels between cranial bone area and brain, and slight to sever atalectasis, respectively. The study concluded that both PFOS and PFOA were toxic to neonates with different degrees and PFOS recorded the most toxic one and the embryo may die from the lesion formed over the brain.