Azathioprine is a highly efficient immunosuppressant drug used for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Systemic administration of azathioprine results in delayed therapeutic effect and serious adverse reactions. In the current study, we have developed, for the first time, colon-targeted chitosan beads for delivery of azathioprine in colitis rabbit model. Several characterizations were performed for the azathioprine-loaded beads (e.g. drug encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, yield, size, shape and compatibility with other ingredients). The in vitro release profiles of acid-resistant capsules filled with azathioprine-loaded beads showed that most of azathioprine was released in IBD colon simulating medium. The therapeutic effects of azathioprine-loaded beads and azathioprine crude drug were examined on acetic acid-induced colitis rabbit model. Improved therapeutic outcomes were observed in the animals treated with the azathioprine-loaded beads, as compared to the untreated animal controls and the animals treated with the azathioprine free drug, based on the clinical activity score, index of tissue edema, mortality rate, colon macroscopic score and colon histopathological features. In the animals treated with the azathioprine-loaded beads, the levels of the inflammatory mediators, myeloperoxidase enzyme and tumor necrosis factor-α, were significantly reduced to levels similar to those observed in the normal rabbits. Furthermore, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, were restored considerably in the animals treated with the drug-loaded beads. The azathioprine-loaded beads developed in the current study might have great potential in the management of IBD.

We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P0.01 ). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.

We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P0.01 ). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.

We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P0.01 ). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.

We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P0.01 ). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.

We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P0.01 ). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.

We aimed in our current study to explore the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and magnetized water (MW) against nephrotoxicity associating induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rat. Here, we induced diabetes by feeding our lab rats on a high fat-containing diet (4 weeks) and after that injecting them with streptozotocin (STZ). We randomly divided forty rats into four different groups: nontreated control (Ctrl), nontreated diabetic (Diabetic), Diabetic+GB (4-week treatment), and Diabetic+MW (4-week treatment). After the experiment was finished, serum and kidney tissue samples were gathered. Blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were markedly elevated in the diabetic group than in the control group. In all animals treated with GB and MW, the levels of urea, creatinine, and glucose were significantly reduced (all P0.01 ). GB and MW attenuated glomerular and tubular injury as well as the histological score. Furthermore, they normalized the contents of glutathione reductase and SOD2. In summary, our data showed that GB and MW treatment protected type 2 diabetic rat kidneys from nephrotoxic damages by reducing the hyperlipidemia, uremia, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction.

According to the author knowledge, this report described for the first time pneumomediastinum that was concurrent with sharp foreign body syndrome in an adult recently parturient cow, which was admitted with signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis. The radiographic examination revealed both sharp metallic foreign body (nail) within the thoracic cavity and pneumomediastinum. The latter is recognized by visualization of the structures, which could not be seen on the radiograph of normal animals. The animal did not receive any type of treatment and its owner was advised with its slaughte

The study aimed to describe the changes in clinical findings and serum levels of gastrin, pepsinogen and chloride (Cl) in dairy cattle with displacement of the abomasum (DA) from day 0 until day 30 after surgery and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic value in evaluation of the abomasal function. The study was conducted on DA cattle (n=25) belonging to dairy farms in Hokkaido area, Japan. Cows were examined and sampled at days 0 (surgery), 7 and 30. Based on blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) at day 0, DA cows were classified into three categories; DA only (1.2 mmol/L), DA with subclinical ketosis (DA SCK: 1.2–2.4 mmol/L) and DA with clinical ketosis (DA CK: ≥2.5 mmol/L). All DA groups had higher serum gastrin than their physiological reference values in cattle both before or after surgery. Serum gastrin was significantly increased (P0.05) in DA and DA SCK groups particularly at day 30 vs day 0. Serum pepsinogen and chlorides were not remarkably changed in any of the three diseased groups compared to reference values. Serum pepsinogen showed no significant within- and inter-group changes. The surgery and the 30-day follow-up period were not sufficient to serum gastrin to return to its physiological levels. In conclusion, further future studies may be required to investigate serum gastrin levels change in DA cattle. A longer follow up period up to 45 day is suggested.

The study aimed to describe the changes in clinical findings and serum levels of gastrin, pepsinogen and chloride (Cl) in dairy cattle with displacement of the abomasum (DA) from day 0 until day 30 after surgery and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic value in evaluation of the abomasal function. The study was conducted on DA cattle (n=25) belonging to dairy farms in Hokkaido area, Japan. Cows were examined and sampled at days 0 (surgery), 7 and 30. Based on blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) at day 0, DA cows were classified into three categories; DA only (1.2 mmol/L), DA with subclinical ketosis (DA SCK: 1.2–2.4 mmol/L) and DA with clinical ketosis (DA CK: ≥2.5 mmol/L). All DA groups had higher serum gastrin than their physiological reference values in cattle both before or after surgery. Serum gastrin was significantly increased (P0.05) in DA and DA SCK groups particularly at day 30 vs day 0. Serum pepsinogen and chlorides were not remarkably changed in any of the three diseased groups compared to reference values. Serum pepsinogen showed no significant within- and inter-group changes. The surgery and the 30-day follow-up period were not sufficient to serum gastrin to return to its physiological levels. In conclusion, further future studies may be required to investigate serum gastrin levels change in DA cattle. A longer follow up period up to 45 day is suggested.