The present study aimed to investigate the clinical blood gas indices and histopathological consequences after intrathecal injection oftolfenamic acid and lidocaine Hcl and moreover, to elucidate the spinal safety of tolfenamic acid as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor indonkeys. Ten clinically healthy donkeys were divided into two groups, 5 animals each. The first group received lidocaine Hcl 2%and the second one received tolfenamic acid 4% intrathecally. The physical parameters and ataxia, analgesia, and motor blockadescores were recorded. Blood gases and acid base balance indices and histopathological examination were done. Blood pH level wassignificantlydecreased (P 0.05) and the blood pCO2level was significantly increased (P 0.05) 15 min after intrathecal injectionof tolfenamic acid. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the motor block scores between the two groups at 2 and 4 hpost-injection. Histopathological findings of the spinal cord of tolfenamic acid–injected group revealed neurodegeneration andnecrosis which were manifested clinically by paraplegia. In conclusion, the present study uncovered the analgesic and motor effectsof commercially prepared tolfenamic acid following intrathecalinjection in donkeys. Nevertheless, it is unsafe because of itsneurotoxic effect on the spinal cord which was manifested clinically by paraplegia of donkeys. On the other hand, intrathecaladministration of lidocaine Hcl was safe and causes nonserious cardiopulmonary changes.

The present study aimed to investigate the clinical blood gas indices and histopathological consequences after intrathecal injection oftolfenamic acid and lidocaine Hcl and moreover, to elucidate the spinal safety of tolfenamic acid as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor indonkeys. Ten clinically healthy donkeys were divided into two groups, 5 animals each. The first group received lidocaine Hcl 2%and the second one received tolfenamic acid 4% intrathecally. The physical parameters and ataxia, analgesia, and motor blockadescores were recorded. Blood gases and acid base balance indices and histopathological examination were done. Blood pH level wassignificantlydecreased (P 0.05) and the blood pCO2level was significantly increased (P 0.05) 15 min after intrathecal injectionof tolfenamic acid. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the motor block scores between the two groups at 2 and 4 hpost-injection. Histopathological findings of the spinal cord of tolfenamic acid–injected group revealed neurodegeneration andnecrosis which were manifested clinically by paraplegia. In conclusion, the present study uncovered the analgesic and motor effectsof commercially prepared tolfenamic acid following intrathecalinjection in donkeys. Nevertheless, it is unsafe because of itsneurotoxic effect on the spinal cord which was manifested clinically by paraplegia of donkeys. On the other hand, intrathecaladministration of lidocaine Hcl was safe and causes nonserious cardiopulmonary changes.

The present study aimed to investigate the clinical blood gas indices and histopathological consequences after intrathecal injection oftolfenamic acid and lidocaine Hcl and moreover, to elucidate the spinal safety of tolfenamic acid as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor indonkeys. Ten clinically healthy donkeys were divided into two groups, 5 animals each. The first group received lidocaine Hcl 2%and the second one received tolfenamic acid 4% intrathecally. The physical parameters and ataxia, analgesia, and motor blockadescores were recorded. Blood gases and acid base balance indices and histopathological examination were done. Blood pH level wassignificantlydecreased (P 0.05) and the blood pCO2level was significantly increased (P 0.05) 15 min after intrathecal injectionof tolfenamic acid. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the motor block scores between the two groups at 2 and 4 hpost-injection. Histopathological findings of the spinal cord of tolfenamic acid–injected group revealed neurodegeneration andnecrosis which were manifested clinically by paraplegia. In conclusion, the present study uncovered the analgesic and motor effectsof commercially prepared tolfenamic acid following intrathecalinjection in donkeys. Nevertheless, it is unsafe because of itsneurotoxic effect on the spinal cord which was manifested clinically by paraplegia of donkeys. On the other hand, intrathecaladministration of lidocaine Hcl was safe and causes nonserious cardiopulmonary changes.

The present study aimed to investigate the clinical blood gas indices and histopathological consequences after intrathecal injection oftolfenamic acid and lidocaine Hcl and moreover, to elucidate the spinal safety of tolfenamic acid as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor indonkeys. Ten clinically healthy donkeys were divided into two groups, 5 animals each. The first group received lidocaine Hcl 2%and the second one received tolfenamic acid 4% intrathecally. The physical parameters and ataxia, analgesia, and motor blockadescores were recorded. Blood gases and acid base balance indices and histopathological examination were done. Blood pH level wassignificantlydecreased (P 0.05) and the blood pCO2level was significantly increased (P 0.05) 15 min after intrathecal injectionof tolfenamic acid. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the motor block scores between the two groups at 2 and 4 hpost-injection. Histopathological findings of the spinal cord of tolfenamic acid–injected group revealed neurodegeneration andnecrosis which were manifested clinically by paraplegia. In conclusion, the present study uncovered the analgesic and motor effectsof commercially prepared tolfenamic acid following intrathecalinjection in donkeys. Nevertheless, it is unsafe because of itsneurotoxic effect on the spinal cord which was manifested clinically by paraplegia of donkeys. On the other hand, intrathecaladministration of lidocaine Hcl was safe and causes nonserious cardiopulmonary changes.

Quercetin, a naturalflavonoid has high potential for management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).However, its onset of action is delayed when administered systemically and high doses are needed for IBDtreatment. The present study aimed to develop chitosan microparticles for colonic delivery of clinically relevantquercetin concentrations as a potential treatment for IBD. Different formulations of quercetin microparticleswere prepared and evaluated in terms of pharmaceutical, morphological and compatibility aspects. Thein vitrorelease profiles of acid-resistant capsulesfilled with quercetin microparticles showed that most of quercetin wasreleased in IBD colon simulating medium. Rabbit colitis model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects ofquercetin microparticles based on various assessment criteria (e.g.index of tissue edema, clinical activity score,colon macroscopic and histopathological characteristics, biochemical assays of the levels of myeloperoxidaseenzyme and tumor necrosis factor-αand the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase). The animalstreated with quercetin microparticles had significantly improved therapeutic outcomes as compared to thosetreated with plain drug and the untreated animal controls. The results demonstrate that the developed quercetinmicroparticles have suitable pharmaceutical properties and mightfind clinical applications in acute IBD man-agement.

Quercetin, a naturalflavonoid has high potential for management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).However, its onset of action is delayed when administered systemically and high doses are needed for IBDtreatment. The present study aimed to develop chitosan microparticles for colonic delivery of clinically relevantquercetin concentrations as a potential treatment for IBD. Different formulations of quercetin microparticleswere prepared and evaluated in terms of pharmaceutical, morphological and compatibility aspects. Thein vitrorelease profiles of acid-resistant capsulesfilled with quercetin microparticles showed that most of quercetin wasreleased in IBD colon simulating medium. Rabbit colitis model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects ofquercetin microparticles based on various assessment criteria (e.g.index of tissue edema, clinical activity score,colon macroscopic and histopathological characteristics, biochemical assays of the levels of myeloperoxidaseenzyme and tumor necrosis factor-αand the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase). The animalstreated with quercetin microparticles had significantly improved therapeutic outcomes as compared to thosetreated with plain drug and the untreated animal controls. The results demonstrate that the developed quercetinmicroparticles have suitable pharmaceutical properties and mightfind clinical applications in acute IBD man-agement.

Quercetin, a naturalflavonoid has high potential for management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).However, its onset of action is delayed when administered systemically and high doses are needed for IBDtreatment. The present study aimed to develop chitosan microparticles for colonic delivery of clinically relevantquercetin concentrations as a potential treatment for IBD. Different formulations of quercetin microparticleswere prepared and evaluated in terms of pharmaceutical, morphological and compatibility aspects. Thein vitrorelease profiles of acid-resistant capsulesfilled with quercetin microparticles showed that most of quercetin wasreleased in IBD colon simulating medium. Rabbit colitis model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects ofquercetin microparticles based on various assessment criteria (e.g.index of tissue edema, clinical activity score,colon macroscopic and histopathological characteristics, biochemical assays of the levels of myeloperoxidaseenzyme and tumor necrosis factor-αand the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase). The animalstreated with quercetin microparticles had significantly improved therapeutic outcomes as compared to thosetreated with plain drug and the untreated animal controls. The results demonstrate that the developed quercetinmicroparticles have suitable pharmaceutical properties and mightfind clinical applications in acute IBD man-agement.

Quercetin, a naturalflavonoid has high potential for management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).However, its onset of action is delayed when administered systemically and high doses are needed for IBDtreatment. The present study aimed to develop chitosan microparticles for colonic delivery of clinically relevantquercetin concentrations as a potential treatment for IBD. Different formulations of quercetin microparticleswere prepared and evaluated in terms of pharmaceutical, morphological and compatibility aspects. Thein vitrorelease profiles of acid-resistant capsulesfilled with quercetin microparticles showed that most of quercetin wasreleased in IBD colon simulating medium. Rabbit colitis model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects ofquercetin microparticles based on various assessment criteria (e.g.index of tissue edema, clinical activity score,colon macroscopic and histopathological characteristics, biochemical assays of the levels of myeloperoxidaseenzyme and tumor necrosis factor-αand the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase). The animalstreated with quercetin microparticles had significantly improved therapeutic outcomes as compared to thosetreated with plain drug and the untreated animal controls. The results demonstrate that the developed quercetinmicroparticles have suitable pharmaceutical properties and mightfind clinical applications in acute IBD man-agement.

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