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There is a growing demand to find an effective extraction process of sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae to conserve its structure and biological activity. Fucoidan was recovered from Sargassum sp. using a hot buffer extraction process. BoxeBenhken experimental design was evaluated to study different conditions of temperature, pH and buffer: alga ratio on fucoidan yield and its sulfate content. By solving the regression equations and analyzing 3-D plots, the optimum conditions were at extraction temperature 60
C, pH 4.0, and ratio of buffer: alga 10.0 mL/g. Under these conditions, the experimental fucoidan yield, and sulfate content were 19 and 47.6% (w/w), respectively, which were in good agreement with the predicted values. The use of hot buffer extraction was efficient to obtain a high fucoidan yield with maintaining high sulfate contents. Fucoidan preparations showed variations in antioxidant properties using various antioxidant assays. Increasing reducing antioxidant activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging of fucoidan extracts was attributed to increasing total sugars, fucose, and uronic acids. The data obtained suggested that the sulfate groups might act as reductones rather than radical scavengers to contribute to the antioxidant activity of fucoidan. Additionally, proteinaceous and phenolic compounds co-extracted with crude fucoidan contributed to its antioxidant potential. Crude fucoidan demonstrated good emulsion stabilizing capacities, especially with cedar wood oil and xylene. These results suggest the use of the crude fucoidan as a good alternative to many synthetic polymers, as well as other natural polysaccharides, in several applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, paper and petroleum industries.

Micronutrients in food have been found to have chemopreventive effects, supporting the conclusions from epidemiologie studies that consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables reduces cancer risk. The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of querctin (Q) and sodium gluconate (GNA) supplementation separately or in combination in ameliorating promotion of colon tumor development by dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) in mice. Histopathological observation of colons in mice treated with DMH showed goblet cell dysplasia with inlammatory cell iniltration. This pathological inding was associated with signiicant alteration in oxidative stress markers in colon tissues and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in plasma. Mice co-treated with GNA and Q showed mild changes of absorptive and goblet cells and inlammatory cell iniltration in lamina properia, with improvement in oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, indings of the present study indicate signiicant roles for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pathogenesis of DMH-induced colon toxicity and initiation of colon cancer. Also, they suggest that Q, GNA or the combination of both have a positive beneicial effect against DMH induced colonic cancer induction in mice.

The present investigation aimed to determine the tox-icological effects of mercury chloride on biochemical parameters of the widely consumed African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Adult specimens of Clarias garie-pinus were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.04 and 0.12 ppm) of mercury chloride for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Empirical data of results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the effects of mercury, selenium, vitamin E and exposure periods. The mean values of Na + , Urea, Creatinine, AST, ALT and ALP were significantly in-creased from the control values, while mean values of K + , Glucose and Triglyceride were significantly decreased from the control values. Selenium and Vitamin E supplementation play appositive role in detoxification of mercury toxicity specially the low dose. The results suggest that mercury chloride can negatively affect the physiology of fish. It was observ-ed that supplementation of selenium and vitamin E decreases the toxic effect of mercury.

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In the present study, the effect of modulation of autophagy induced by anthocyanin on cell death of Human T lymphoma cells (Jurkat) was studied. Anthocyanin was abstracted from dry petals of Hibiscus sabdariffa, aquous solution of anthocyanin was added to cells at different concentrations then cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion method. Autophagy induced by anthocyanin was inhibited by 5 mM NH4CL which halts lysosomal enzymes and accordingly preventing autolysosomes formation. On the other hand, Autophagy was enhanced by glucose starvation. In both experiments of autophagy inhibition and enhancement, cell viability was studied to investigate the effect of autophagy modulation on cell viability. The results of this work revealed that both inhibition and enhancement of autophagy induced by anthocyanin lead to massive cell death. Immuno-detection of active caspase 3, one of the major hallmark of apoptotic cell death revealed remarkable increase of active caspse3 upon autophagy inhibition or enhancement. In conclusion, modulation of autophagy induced by anthocyanin lead to increasing of apoptotic cell death.

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