Co-deprivation of some photosynthetic electron transport mineral pairs is sought for enhancing antioxidant
accumulation in a local isolate of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, to improve their nutritional value and economic
feasibility. The omitted element pairs were iron and sulfur ( FeS), manganese and iron ( MnFe) and nitrogen and
sulfur ( NS); chosen on the basis of their strong mediation in redox activities (Fe, Mn or S) or as sinks (N or S) of
photosynthetic electrons.
Antioxidant contents were estimated in 15 days old cells as growth of Arthrospira was not deteriorated by depriving the studied mineral pairs on the one hand and older cells tend to accumulate secondary compounds than
younger ones whose bioenergetics are diverted into vegetative growth on the other hand. Iron sulfur, followed
by iron manganese deprivation, induced the highest rates of photosynthtic oxygen evolution and respiratory
oxygen uptake. Nitrogen sulfur starved cells, however, seem just survived as the increment of their dry mass
relative to the inoculum was insignificant; they exhibited the lowest rates of photosynthesis with significantly
enhanced respiration.
A positive correlation between dry mass allocation and antioxidant accumulation can be deduced in the following
order: FeS N FeMn N NS. Vitamins A and tocopherols exhibited significant rise per unit dry mass (about fourfold
that of the control) at FeS while total antioxidants, reducing power and phenolics were more than doubled. FeMn
pair deprivation sustained growth but did not enhance the accumulation of the targeted antioxidants. Under NS
deprivation, neither Vitamin A nor tocopherols was enhanced although total antioxidants, reducing power and
total phenolics were significantly higher than in control cultures.
Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids did not exhibit significant alterations in response to the imposed
deprivations, indicating that enhancing the antioxidant accumulation did not take place at the expense of growth
or primary metabolism in Arthrospira.

Co-deprivation of some photosynthetic electron transport mineral pairs is sought for enhancing antioxidant
accumulation in a local isolate of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, to improve their nutritional value and economic
feasibility. The omitted element pairs were iron and sulfur ( FeS), manganese and iron ( MnFe) and nitrogen and
sulfur ( NS); chosen on the basis of their strong mediation in redox activities (Fe, Mn or S) or as sinks (N or S) of
photosynthetic electrons.
Antioxidant contents were estimated in 15 days old cells as growth of Arthrospira was not deteriorated by depriving the studied mineral pairs on the one hand and older cells tend to accumulate secondary compounds than
younger ones whose bioenergetics are diverted into vegetative growth on the other hand. Iron sulfur, followed
by iron manganese deprivation, induced the highest rates of photosynthtic oxygen evolution and respiratory
oxygen uptake. Nitrogen sulfur starved cells, however, seem just survived as the increment of their dry mass
relative to the inoculum was insignificant; they exhibited the lowest rates of photosynthesis with significantly
enhanced respiration.
A positive correlation between dry mass allocation and antioxidant accumulation can be deduced in the following
order: FeS N FeMn N NS. Vitamins A and tocopherols exhibited significant rise per unit dry mass (about fourfold
that of the control) at FeS while total antioxidants, reducing power and phenolics were more than doubled. FeMn
pair deprivation sustained growth but did not enhance the accumulation of the targeted antioxidants. Under NS
deprivation, neither Vitamin A nor tocopherols was enhanced although total antioxidants, reducing power and
total phenolics were significantly higher than in control cultures.
Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids did not exhibit significant alterations in response to the imposed
deprivations, indicating that enhancing the antioxidant accumulation did not take place at the expense of growth
or primary metabolism in Arthrospira.

Background: impairment of retinoic acid (RA) results in different
malformations during embryonic development. Citral can interfere with the
embryogenesis due to its direct inhibitory effect on RA. Purpose: is to evaluate the
effect of different concentrations of citral on the skeletal elements of the developing
chick embryo. Methods: Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided
into control and experimental groups which received either three different
concentrations of citral (50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM). Results: treatment with citral
caused several cases of scoliosis, absence of ossification in the skeletal system,
deformed parrot beak, short and wry necks. Alizarin transparencies detected
curvatures of the vertebral column at the cervical region. Conclusion: It is
suggested that citral treatment in the present work caused inhibition of RA which
might disrupt the expression of some genes, such as BMPs, Fgf8, Msx1 and Msx2
resulting in induction of morphological malformations. Citral induced
morphological malformation in a concentration dependent manner. Cosmetics,
food stuffs, detergents, flavoring agents and scenting agents that contain retinoic
acid or citral are not recommended for ladies during the first trimester of
pregnancy.

Background: impairment of retinoic acid (RA) results in different
malformations during embryonic development. Citral can interfere with the
embryogenesis due to its direct inhibitory effect on RA. Purpose: is to evaluate the
effect of different concentrations of citral on the skeletal elements of the developing
chick embryo. Methods: Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided
into control and experimental groups which received either three different
concentrations of citral (50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM). Results: treatment with citral
caused several cases of scoliosis, absence of ossification in the skeletal system,
deformed parrot beak, short and wry necks. Alizarin transparencies detected
curvatures of the vertebral column at the cervical region. Conclusion: It is
suggested that citral treatment in the present work caused inhibition of RA which
might disrupt the expression of some genes, such as BMPs, Fgf8, Msx1 and Msx2
resulting in induction of morphological malformations. Citral induced
morphological malformation in a concentration dependent manner. Cosmetics,
food stuffs, detergents, flavoring agents and scenting agents that contain retinoic
acid or citral are not recommended for ladies during the first trimester of
pregnancy.

Background: impairment of retinoic acid (RA) results in different
malformations during embryonic development. Citral can interfere with the
embryogenesis due to its direct inhibitory effect on RA. Purpose: is to evaluate the
effect of different concentrations of citral on the skeletal elements of the developing
chick embryo. Methods: Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided
into control and experimental groups which received either three different
concentrations of citral (50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM). Results: treatment with citral
caused several cases of scoliosis, absence of ossification in the skeletal system,
deformed parrot beak, short and wry necks. Alizarin transparencies detected
curvatures of the vertebral column at the cervical region. Conclusion: It is
suggested that citral treatment in the present work caused inhibition of RA which
might disrupt the expression of some genes, such as BMPs, Fgf8, Msx1 and Msx2
resulting in induction of morphological malformations. Citral induced
morphological malformation in a concentration dependent manner. Cosmetics,
food stuffs, detergents, flavoring agents and scenting agents that contain retinoic
acid or citral are not recommended for ladies during the first trimester of
pregnancy.

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