Two-dimensional nanomaterials such as graphene nanosheets and molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes were easily hybridized with spinel Mn₃O₄ in a single deposition process at low temperature by a facile kinetic spray approach under low vacuum conditions using a nano-particle deposition system. The heterostructured Mn₃O₄–2D hybrid nanocomposites (NCs) were utilized to enhance the reaction kinetics of oxygen evolution. Hybrid NCs of Mn₃O₄ with MoS₂ and graphene showed nanoflakes and nanosheet morphologies, respectively. The synergy improvement in nanocomposites of Mn₃O₄-graphene nanosheets and Mn₃O₄₋MoS₂ nanoflakes was examined by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and analysis of Raman spectra that results in a decrease in OER overpotential to 289 mV at 10 mA⋅cm⁻² for Mn₃O₄-graphene nanosheets and 295 mV for Mn₃O₄₋MoS₂ nanoflakes. The estimated Tafel slope strongly decreased from 88 mV⋅dec⁻¹of pure Mn₃O₄ nanorods to around 44 mV⋅dec⁻¹ for hybrid NCs. This behavior indicates improved charge transfer kinetics due to the decrease in charge transfer resistance. Furthermore, all fabricated nanostructure electrocatalysts exhibited very good stability for prolonged galvanostatic polarization up to 50 h.

Microstructure of radiation-induced Iron phases were investigated in a 6H-SiC subjected to Iron and Helium bombardment with a damage level of 8 dpa. The microstructural evolution before and after annealing was investigated by combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM, STEM-EDS), automated crystal phase and orientation imaging (ACOM-TEM), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and atomic scale simulations. The irradiation amorphized the entire damaged layer which contains an embedded band of He bubbles located at peak damage concentration. After annealing, the amorphous layer recrystallized into a polycrystalline 6H-SiC where the Fe profile significantly changed to form Fe-rich clusters. ACOM-TEM reveals the formation of large cubic FeSi clusters and small bcc-Fe precipitates located at the 6H-SiC grain boundaries. The type and size distribution of the precipitates greatly depend on the Fe profile. Fe-Si compounds form around the Fe peak concentration, while, bcc Fe precipitates tend to be more homogeneously distributed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the formation of Fe dimers and trimers in the 1^st nearest neighbor is energetically favorable. A combined Monte Carlo/Classical molecular dynamic (MMC/MD) technique reveals that the Fe atoms prefer to form large clusters in accordance with experimental results. MD annealing simulations reveal the formation of stable bcc Fe at high temperatures. The phase transition starts at the cluster-matrix interface around 620 K and the cluster is fully transformed at 700 K.

Improving paper characteristics through natural and cost-effective fillers is a massive issue in the paper industry. In the process of manufacturing paper, inorganic and organic fillers are utilized. Organic fillers are only appropriate for specific applications, and their expensive cost has limited their use. Here, various concentrations of sugarcane press mud (SPM) waste were applied to obtain pure calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) after the calcination to use as a potential filler in the papermaking by mixing the CaONPs at various ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20%), and paper properties have been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized to characterize the CaONPs produced. The finding reveals that the influence of nano CaO fillers filled at different ratios (5, 10, 15

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for several applications. Thus, they have been intensively reported and commercialized by several international companies. However, little is known about the fate and risk of MOFs to living organisms. Here, the toxic efect of two Zinc (Zn)-based MOFs; zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) and leaf-like ZIF (ZIF-L), was tested to investigate the impact of the postmortem period of mice carrions and arthropods which found in decomposing carrions. The data analysis revealed an increase in zinc content over time. Toxicology in forensics studies biological materials for the presence of poisons, such as pharmaceuticals. The toxicology report can provide important details about the types of chemicals present in a person and whether the amount of those substances is in line with a therapeutic dose or exceeds a dangerous level. These fndings conclude the possible fate and impact after mortality. This study presents the frst study of the toxic efect of ZIFs materials using mice carrions and arthropods (Sarcophaga sp. Larvae) via morphological and microscopic studies compared with control, providing important biological information could aid in the environmental impact of the toxic level of MOF materials.

CdS films of different thicknesses (d ≈ 100–300 nm) are deposited on the glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique. The structure of these films had been studied by Rietveld refinement and atomic pressure microscope. The films of CdS/glass show a wurtzite type structure. XRD calculations show that the lattice parameters a and c have changed, the microstrain decreases, and the crystallite size increases. The optical constants refractive index n, and extinction coefficient, k consequently band gap are estimated from SE via construction an optical model. The refractive index n of the CdS/glass films received from SE model increases with growing of CdS layer thickness that is credited to the rise of the size of the crystal. It was also found that when the thickness of the CdS layer increases, the general behavior of the extinction coefficient k of the CdS/glass film increases. In addition, it is found that the direct 

To develop innovative mesoporous crosslinked poly(azomethine- sulfone)s with environmental applications, a simple Schiff base condensation technique based on barbituric acid BA or condensed terephthaldehyde barbituric acid TBA in their structures as monomeric units are applied. Different analysis methodologies and viscosity measurements identify them as having stronger heat stability and an amorphous structure. The photophysical features of the multi stimuli response MSR phenomenon are observable, with white light emission at higher concentrations and blue light emission at lower concentrations. Their emission characteristics make them an excellent metal ions sensor through diverse charge transfer methods. 

Trichoderma is environmentally vital due to their plant growth-promoting effects (such as enhancement of nutrients supply, suppression of plant pathogens, and promotion of plant defense). Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are diverse chemical substances emitted by Trichoderma spp. The potential role of VOCs in biological control and plant growth promotion has recently been recognized. Here, the Trichoderma-VOCs' performance for plant growth promotion and suppression of plant pathogens are evaluated. We further investigated VOC emission profiles of T. harzianum using GC–MS. The Trichoderma-VOCs exhibited significant (p < 0.05) antifungal properties against all tested pathogenic fungi. T. atroviride-VOCs showed a decisive inhibition of Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Cylindrocarpon destructans, and Sclerotinia nivalis. The germinating seeds demonstrated growth enhancement in the presence of Trichoderma-VOCs emitted by different strains. Low levels of cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl, cyclotetrasiloxane, and octamethyl were found in T. harzianum KNU1 strain whereas cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl, cyclotetrasiloxane, and octamethyl showed higher emission levels as Si-containing compounds. The results reveal the potentiality of VOCs as a biocontrol resource against deleterious rhizosphere microorganisms and underline the importance of Trichoderma-VOCs emissions in regulating plant growth and development.

Our present study provides expedient methods for the synthesis of novel substituted indanes, pyrido[3,2,1- jk]carbazoles and pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazines utilizing intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclialkylations of synthesized heteroaryl alcohols. This methodology is realized by a three-step protocol involving first esterification of starting carboxylic acids to the corresponding esters, addition of Grignard reagents to give carbinol precursors and followed by Friedel-Crafts cyclizations of alcohols mediated by AlCl3/CH3NO2, PPA or P2O5-catalysts to furnish the desired polycycles in good to excellent yields of 65-85%. The designed protocol offers easy access to the pharmaceutically promising templates in good yields. The molecular structural elucidations of all newly obtained compounds have been proved by spectral and elemental analysis.

An efficient access to benzo[b]thiophene-fused or -bridged to medium-sized N-heterocycles e.g. azocinones,
azoninones and azecinones, is described. The process involves cyclization of benzo[b]thiophene carboxylic
ester precursors, mediated by Lewis and Brønsted acids under suitable conditions. The ring closure precursors
were assembled starting from 2-acetylbenzo[b]thiophene. The developed strategy allows control of ring size
and offers easy access to fused benzo[b]thiophene polycycles of promising biological importance in moderate
to good yields.