The new mercuric complex [Hg(HL) 2 Cl2 ] incorporating salicylaldimine ligand
(HL = 2-((pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl)phenol) was fabricated where the ligand
molecules behaved in a monodentate manner via their pyridine nitrogen
atoms. In addition to elemental characterization, X-ray crystallographic studies
of the complex revealed its packing in a monoclinic crystal system (space
group: I2/a, a = 13.4276(2) Å, b = 6.20950(10) Å, c = 27.7530 (4) Å,
α = γ = 90, and β = 98.1610(10)). Hydrothermal treatment of [Hg(HL) 2 Cl2 ]
with thioacetamide afforded HgS microparticles (HgS μPs; Brunauer–Emmett–
Teller [BET] surface area = 6.205 m 2 /g, diameter = 196.53–259.13 nm, and
average size = 213.27 nm), whereas these microparticles were transformed to
nanoscaled HgS particles (HgS NPs; BET surface area = 14.380 m 2 /g,
diameter = 58.87–90.56 nm, and average size = 72.78 nm) by the action of
ultrasonication. The as-prepared HgS, HgS NPs in particular, afforded remark-
able microbicidal activity against eight strains of filamentous and unicellular
human pathogenic fungi and yeasts in comparison with cycloheximide.
Remarkably, Aspergillus terreus grew up to 34.7 ± 1.88 mm in the absence of
any fungicide, but HgS μPs, HgS NPs, and cycloheximide limited the fungal
growth to 26 ± 0.94, 12.33 ± 1.6, and 28.3 ± 1.7 mm after incubation for 6 days.
Besides, inhibition of Rhodotorula glutinis was of 7.6 ± 0.01 × 107 CFU/ml in
control sample, but experiments included HgS μPs, HgS NPs, and cyclohexi-
mide limited the colony-forming units of R. glutinis to 4.2 ± 0.01 × 10 7 ,
3.5 ± 0.02 × 10 7 , and 5.9 ± 0.05 × 10 7 CFU/ml.

Terpenoid phytoalexins are secondary metabolites of plants act as defensive agents against plant
pathogen attack. Alternaria cerealis AUMC 14484 (MT808477) is a phytopathogen of tomato that stimulates
new types of phytoalexins especially during the biological control process. Trichoderma harzianum utilized as
controlling agent of A. cerealis using the fungal filtrates or spore suspension in infected plants. Time course
detection of terpenoid phytoalexins was 2, 24 and 48 h of infection and estimated with complete analysis of their
types and concentrations using GC-MS analysis. The plant cells behavior during the biological control process
was monitored by lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase)
analyses. The results showed significant increase in total terpenoids, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide
after 24 h in all treatments; however catalase and peroxidase increased in infected tomato plants but decreased
during the biological control process which reflects decrease in the cell stress during the infection. Twelve
terpenoid phytoalexins recorded in infected tomato leaves, seven of them are newly recorded in tomato plants
including 5à-spirostan-23-ol, (22s,23r,25r); 2(1h)-naphthalenone, octahydro-1-methyl-1-(2-propenyl),
(1à,4aá,8Aà); 2,2' (1h,1'h)-spirobi-s-indacene, ethanone.; Spiro[5hbenzocycloheptene 5,1'[2,5] cyclohexadiene]
4',9diol,6,7,8,9 tetrahydro2,3,3',4,5 'pentamethoxy-7,8-dimethyl-, 9-acetate; carvacrol; maslinic acid;
Spirost8en11one,3 hydroxy, (3á,5à,14á,20á,22á,25R) and Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol,
(3á,15à,16à,21á,22à). Rishitin derivatives (rishitinol and rishitinone) also recorded in infected tomato leaves.
The application of Trichoderma harzianum as culture filtrate or spore suspension throughout the biological
control procedure is critical for tomato plant resistance against A. cerealis leaf spot disease by enhancing redox
buffer capacity, improving plant tolerance, and activating plant defense systems.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has a source for bioactive phytochemicals. Alternaria
cerealis is a pathogen that causes disease on variety of plant parts. This study amid to obtained novel
secondary metabolites including phytoalexin compounds in tomato plant, following infection with
Alternaria cerealis MT808477. Identification of the bioactive components present in leaves methanolic
extracts was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Coumarin,
tioconazole, octadecane, 9-ethyl-9-heptyl and fluticasone propionate were recorded. In addition, the
detoxification of phytoalexin quinolizine, isoquinolizine and quinoline derivatives were also detected.
Most of these compounds are candidate for valuable applications as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
antitumor agents and others.

This review article explores the impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legume plants. Nitrogen fixation has the potential to address the global protein shortage by increasing nitrogen supply in agriculture. However, the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to environmental consequences and high energy consumption. To promote sustainable agriculture, alternative approaches such as biofertilizers that utilize biological nitrogen fixation have been introduced to minimize ecological impact. Understanding the process of biological nitrogen fixation, where certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This knowledge helps reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers and maintain soil fertility. The symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture by facilitating access to atmospheric nitrogen, improving soil fertility, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. To achieve optimal nitrogen fixation and plant growth, it is important to effectively manage nitrogen availability, soil conditions, and environmental stressors. Excessive nitrogen fertilization can negatively affect the symbiotic association between plants and rhizobia, resulting in reduced soil health, altered mutualistic relationships, and environmental concerns. Various techniques can be employed to enhance symbiotic efficiency by manipulating chemotaxis, which is the ability of rhizobia to move towards plant roots. Plant-specific metabolites called (iso)flavonoids play a crucial role in signaling and communication between legume plants and rhizobia bacteria, initiating the symbiotic relationship and enhancing nitrogen fixation and plant growth. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer application can disrupt the communication between rhizobia and legumes, impacting chemotaxis, root exudation patterns, nodulation, and the symbiotic relationship. High levels of nitrogen fertilizers can inhibit nitrogenase, a critical enzyme for plant growth, leading to reduced nitrogenase activity. Additionally, excessive nitrogen can compromise the energy demands of nitrogen fixation, resulting in decreased nitrogenase activity. This review discusses the disadvantages of using nitrogenous fertilizers and the role of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation in reducing the need for these fertilizers. By using effective rhizobial strains with compatible legume cultivars, not only can the amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers be reduced, but also the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with their manufacturing and application. This approach offers benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving energy. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the impact of nitrogen fertilizers on the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and legume plants. It also discusses potential strategies for sustainable agricultural practices. By managing nitrogen fertilizers carefully and improving our understanding of the symbiotic relationship, we can contribute to sustainable agriculture and minimize environmental impact.

Tungsten oxide semiconductor (WO₃) modified using transition metals (Ni, Fe, and Zn) was synthesized via microwave-assisted solution combustion method. Ni, Fe, and Zn were doped in the WO₃ structure to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. The prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis to investigate products' structural and morphological properties and surface composition. The materials show a monoclinic structure of WO₃ with small shifts in the peak position for each catalyst. Reactive blue 194 (RB 194) aquatic solution was used for photodegradation experiments under UV irradiation to evaluate the photocatalytic properties. The results showed an improvement in photocatalytic activity of host structure within doping the iron and nickel, whereas adding zinc made a decline in decolorization efficiency of WO₃. The photocatalytic performance of samples is in the order of WO₃:Ni > WO₃:Fe > WO₃ > WO₃:Zn. The influences of operational parameters were evaluated for each catalyst to obtain the optimum conditions of the photocatalytic reaction.

This study reports experimental analyses of adsorption thermodynamics using the polymeric adsorbent surface, polyethersulfone (PES), with different molar ratios of ZnO nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were performed to study the adsorbent structure and morphology. FTIR results showed that both PES and ZnO nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into the nanocomposite, while the XRD analysis showed that the crystal adsorbent characteristics did not change. FESEM of the ZnO exhibits the formation of aggregates in the form of small spherical grains, and the sizes were in the range of 45–65 nm. The effects of different parameters (contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and diazinon concentrations) were investigated to find the optimal conditions of the prepared adsorbents. The equilibrium data for diazinon adsorption onto PES and ZnO/PES were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Jovanovic, and Flory-Huggins models. Based on the values of the correlation coefficient, Langmuir and pseudo-second-order were found to be the best-fitting model. In addition, adsorption at different temperatures (288.15–303.15 K) was used to determine thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes. Finally, these results allow designing different processing units for pollution removal.

Water pollution by synthetic anionic dyes is one of the most critical ecological concerns and challenges. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find an efficient adsorbent and photocatalyst for dye removal. In the present study, we aimed to fabricate a hybrid mesoporous composite of spongy sphere-like SnO₂ and three-dimensional (3D) cubic-like MgO (SnO₂/MgO) as a promising adsorbent/photocatalyst to remove the anionic sunset yellow (SSY) dye from real wastewater at neutral pH conditions. The as-synthesized SnO₂ and MgO composite was investigated using XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, XPS, BET, and zeta potential. The experimental study of the SSY removal using SnO₂/MgO composite was performed at different conditions, such as pH, stirring time, dose, and temperature. More than 99% of 10 mg/L SSY was effectively adsorbed from aqueous solution using 40 mg of SnO₂/MgO composite at pH 7 and a stirring time of 60 min. The SSY adsorption behavior was well fitted by pseudo-second order and the Langmuir model, indicating that the SSY was chemisorbed to the composite-active sites as a monolayer. On the other hand, photocatalytic degradation process exhibited better results in terms of speed of removal and used quantity of photocatalyst, where 20 mg of SnO₂/MgO composite can be used to remove > 99% of SSY dye within 30 min. Mechanism of SSY adsorption and photocatalytic degradation was discussed. In addition, elution experiments demonstrated that the SnO₂/MgO composite as an SSY adsorbent could be reused for nine cycles without considerable reduction in the SSY adsorption efficiency. Therefore, this work exhibited that the mesoporous SnO₂/MgO composite can be considered an effective adsorbent/photocatalyst to remove SSY dye from real industrial effluent water at neutral pH conditions.