Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are among the most important antibacterial agents (synthetic antibiotics) used in human and veterinary medicine. They are employed against all bacterial infections, particularly against urinary tract infections and acute respiratory diseases. In the last decade, there was no review covering all different analytical methods used for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The present review presented recently published different electrophoretic and chromatographic methods for determination of seven fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and sparfloxacin). Presented applications concern analysis of chosen fluoroquinolones in pure forms, different pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids, and environmental samples.

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and economic reversed-phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous evaluation of five binary mixtures in their pharmaceutical preparations. The investigated mixtures were Ibuprofen(IP)-paracetamol(PC), Ibuprofen(IP)-Chlorzoxazone(CZ), Ibuprofen(IP)- Methocarbamol(MC), Ketoprofen(KP)-Chlorzoxazone(CZ), and Diclofenac sodium(DS)-Lidocaine hydrochloride(LC). The chromatographic separation was performed using isochratic mode at a flow rate 1 mL/ min, ODS C18 column, and UV detection at 254 nm. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile : phosphate buffer, pH 5 (60:40). The parameters affecting separation of the investigated drugs were studied. Under the optimum assay conditions, the method gave linear calibration curves with good correlation coefficients. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.34-5.33 µg/mL and 1.03-16 µg/mL, respectively, indicating high sensitivity of the method. The assay of the investigated binary mixtures is completed in less than 5 min. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of the drugs in their pharmaceutical binary mixtures in dosage forms with good recoveries and no significant differences between proposed and reported method. This method can be routinely applied to the quality control of the investigated binary mixtures in their pharmaceutical formulations.

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and economic reversed-phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous evaluation of five binary mixtures in their pharmaceutical preparations. The investigated mixtures were Ibuprofen(IP)-paracetamol(PC), Ibuprofen(IP)-Chlorzoxazone(CZ), Ibuprofen(IP)- Methocarbamol(MC), Ketoprofen(KP)-Chlorzoxazone(CZ), and Diclofenac sodium(DS)-Lidocaine hydrochloride(LC). The chromatographic separation was performed using isochratic mode at a flow rate 1 mL/ min, ODS C18 column, and UV detection at 254 nm. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile : phosphate buffer, pH 5 (60:40). The parameters affecting separation of the investigated drugs were studied. Under the optimum assay conditions, the method gave linear calibration curves with good correlation coefficients. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.34-5.33 µg/mL and 1.03-16 µg/mL, respectively, indicating high sensitivity of the method. The assay of the investigated binary mixtures is completed in less than 5 min. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of the drugs in their pharmaceutical binary mixtures in dosage forms with good recoveries and no significant differences between proposed and reported method. This method can be routinely applied to the quality control of the investigated binary mixtures in their pharmaceutical formulations.

From the aerial part of Euphorbia aphylla, nine compounds were isolated (1-9) and identified by different spectral techniques as well as comparison with authentic samples. The isolated compounds included two triterpenes(β-amyrone (1) and euphol(2)), two sterols (β-sitosterol (3) and β-sitosterolglucoside (4)) and five phenolic compounds (gallic acid (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3-O-(2’’,3’’-digalloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (7), 3,4,3’-O-trimethyl ellagic acid 4’-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (8) and (3,4,3’-tri-O-methyl ellagicacid4’-ruti noside)(9)). The anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic, and anti oxidant and anti microbial activities were carried out on different plant fractions.

From the aerial part of Euphorbia aphylla, nine compounds were isolated (1-9) and identified by different spectral techniques as well as comparison with authentic samples. The isolated compounds included two triterpenes(β-amyrone (1) and euphol(2)), two sterols (β-sitosterol (3) and β-sitosterolglucoside (4)) and five phenolic compounds (gallic acid (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3-O-(2’’,3’’-digalloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (7), 3,4,3’-O-trimethyl ellagic acid 4’-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (8) and (3,4,3’-tri-O-methyl ellagicacid4’-ruti noside)(9)). The anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic, and anti oxidant and anti microbial activities were carried out on different plant fractions.

From the aerial part of Euphorbia aphylla, nine compounds were isolated (1-9) and identified by different spectral techniques as well as comparison with authentic samples. The isolated compounds included two triterpenes(β-amyrone (1) and euphol(2)), two sterols (β-sitosterol (3) and β-sitosterolglucoside (4)) and five phenolic compounds (gallic acid (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3-O-(2’’,3’’-digalloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (7), 3,4,3’-O-trimethyl ellagic acid 4’-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (8) and (3,4,3’-tri-O-methyl ellagicacid4’-ruti noside)(9)). The anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic, and anti oxidant and anti microbial activities were carried out on different plant fractions.

The anthranoid skeleton is believed to be formed by octaketide synthase (OKS), a member of the type III polyketide synthase (PKS) superfamily. Recombinant OKSs catalyze stepwise condensation of eight acetyl units to form a linear octaketide intermediate which, however, is incorrectly folded and cyclized to give the shunt products SEK4 and SEK4b. Here we report in vitro formation of the anthranoid scaffold by cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated Cassia bicapsularis cell cultures. Unlike field- and in vitro-grown shoots which accumulate anthraquinones, cell cultures mainly contained tetrahydroanthracenes, formation of which was increased 2.5-fold by the addition of yeast extract. The elicitor-stimulated accumulation of tetrahydroanthracenes was preceded by an approx. 35-fold increase in OKS activity. Incubation of cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated cell cultures with acetyl-CoA and [2-14C]malonyl-CoA led to formation of torosachrysone (tetrahydroanthracene) and emodin anthrone, beside two yet unidentified products. No product formation occurred in the absence of acetyl-CoA as starter substrate. To confirm the identities of the enzymatic products, cell-free extracts were incubated with acetyl-CoA and [U-13C3]malonyl-CoA and 13C incorporation was analyzed by ESI-MS/MS. Detection of anthranoid biosynthesis in cell-free extracts indicates in vitro cooperation of OKS with a yet unidentified factor or enzyme for octaketide cyclization.

The anthranoid skeleton is believed to be formed by octaketide synthase (OKS), a member of the type III polyketide synthase (PKS) superfamily. Recombinant OKSs catalyze stepwise condensation of eight acetyl units to form a linear octaketide intermediate which, however, is incorrectly folded and cyclized to give the shunt products SEK4 and SEK4b. Here we report in vitro formation of the anthranoid scaffold by cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated Cassia bicapsularis cell cultures. Unlike field- and in vitro-grown shoots which accumulate anthraquinones, cell cultures mainly contained tetrahydroanthracenes, formation of which was increased 2.5-fold by the addition of yeast extract. The elicitor-stimulated accumulation of tetrahydroanthracenes was preceded by an approx. 35-fold increase in OKS activity. Incubation of cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated cell cultures with acetyl-CoA and [2-14C]malonyl-CoA led to formation of torosachrysone (tetrahydroanthracene) and emodin anthrone, beside two yet unidentified products. No product formation occurred in the absence of acetyl-CoA as starter substrate. To confirm the identities of the enzymatic products, cell-free extracts were incubated with acetyl-CoA and [U-13C3]malonyl-CoA and 13C incorporation was analyzed by ESI-MS/MS. Detection of anthranoid biosynthesis in cell-free extracts indicates in vitro cooperation of OKS with a yet unidentified factor or enzyme for octaketide cyclization.

The anthranoid skeleton is believed to be formed by octaketide synthase (OKS), a member of the type III polyketide synthase (PKS) superfamily. Recombinant OKSs catalyze stepwise condensation of eight acetyl units to form a linear octaketide intermediate which, however, is incorrectly folded and cyclized to give the shunt products SEK4 and SEK4b. Here we report in vitro formation of the anthranoid scaffold by cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated Cassia bicapsularis cell cultures. Unlike field- and in vitro-grown shoots which accumulate anthraquinones, cell cultures mainly contained tetrahydroanthracenes, formation of which was increased 2.5-fold by the addition of yeast extract. The elicitor-stimulated accumulation of tetrahydroanthracenes was preceded by an approx. 35-fold increase in OKS activity. Incubation of cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated cell cultures with acetyl-CoA and [2-14C]malonyl-CoA led to formation of torosachrysone (tetrahydroanthracene) and emodin anthrone, beside two yet unidentified products. No product formation occurred in the absence of acetyl-CoA as starter substrate. To confirm the identities of the enzymatic products, cell-free extracts were incubated with acetyl-CoA and [U-13C3]malonyl-CoA and 13C incorporation was analyzed by ESI-MS/MS. Detection of anthranoid biosynthesis in cell-free extracts indicates in vitro cooperation of OKS with a yet unidentified factor or enzyme for octaketide cyclization.

The anthranoid skeleton is believed to be formed by octaketide synthase (OKS), a member of the type III polyketide synthase (PKS) superfamily. Recombinant OKSs catalyze stepwise condensation of eight acetyl units to form a linear octaketide intermediate which, however, is incorrectly folded and cyclized to give the shunt products SEK4 and SEK4b. Here we report in vitro formation of the anthranoid scaffold by cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated Cassia bicapsularis cell cultures. Unlike field- and in vitro-grown shoots which accumulate anthraquinones, cell cultures mainly contained tetrahydroanthracenes, formation of which was increased 2.5-fold by the addition of yeast extract. The elicitor-stimulated accumulation of tetrahydroanthracenes was preceded by an approx. 35-fold increase in OKS activity. Incubation of cell-free extracts from yeast-extract-treated cell cultures with acetyl-CoA and [2-14C]malonyl-CoA led to formation of torosachrysone (tetrahydroanthracene) and emodin anthrone, beside two yet unidentified products. No product formation occurred in the absence of acetyl-CoA as starter substrate. To confirm the identities of the enzymatic products, cell-free extracts were incubated with acetyl-CoA and [U-13C3]malonyl-CoA and 13C incorporation was analyzed by ESI-MS/MS. Detection of anthranoid biosynthesis in cell-free extracts indicates in vitro cooperation of OKS with a yet unidentified factor or enzyme for octaketide cyclization.