A new cycloartane-type saponin with unusual hydroxylation at C-17 and a unique side chain, 9 (R), 19, 22 (S), 24 (R) bicyclolanost-3β, 12α, 16β, 17α tetrol-25-one 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and two new monoterpenoid glucoindole alkaloids, 10-methoxy pumiloside (2) and the previously chemically synthesized, 10-methoxy strictosidine (3) along with other five known compounds, 7α-morroniside (4), 7-epiloganin (5), (7β)-7-O-methylmorroniside (6), 5(S)-5-carboxystrictisidine (7) and apigenin-7-Oneohesperidoside (8) were isolated from the aerial parts of Mussaenda luteola (Rubiaceae). The structural elucidation of the isolates was accomplished by extensive (1D and 2D NMR) spectroscopic data analysis and HR-ESI-MS. Compounds 4–8 were reported for the first time from the genus Mussaenda. Interestingly, this is the first report for the occurrence of the monoterpenoid glucoindole-type alkaloids in the genus which might be useful for the chemotaxonomic evaluation of the genus Mussaenda. All isolates were evaluated for their antiprotozoal activities. Compound 7 showed good antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 and IC90 values of 13.7 and 16.6 μM compared to IC50 and IC90 values of 13.06 and 28.99 μM for the positive control DFMO, difluoromethylornithine.

A new iridoid glucoside, 10-methoxy apodanthoside (1), and a new monoterpene glycoside, (3S,6S)-cis linalool-3,7-oxide O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-(1''→5')-β-ᴅ-xylofuranoside (2), were isolated from V. edulis (Rubiaceae), along with eighteen known compounds (3-20), including monoterpenes, iridoid glycosides, and a lignin, which were encountered for the first time in the genus Vangueria,. The structural elucidation of the isolates was based on the analysis of spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) and HR-ESI-MS data. Detailed stereochemical studies of 1 and related iridoid glucosides (compounds 3, 4 and 8) were made by matching the calculated ECD peaks with the experimental ones. All isolates were tested for their antiprotozoal, antifungal, and antiplasmodial activities. Compounds 9, 15 and 16 showed good trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma brucei brucei with IC50 values of 8.18, 9.02 and 7.80 μg/mL, respectively and IC90 values of >10, >10 and 9.76 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 16 showed a moderate activity against Candida glabrata with an IC50 value of 8.66 μg/mL. Compound 20 showed a weak antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 3.29 (SI, >1.4) and 4.53 (SI, >1) μg/mL, respectively

A new iridoid glucoside, 10-methoxy apodanthoside (1), and a new monoterpene glycoside, (3S,6S)-cis linalool-3,7-oxide O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-(1''→5')-β-ᴅ-xylofuranoside (2), were isolated from V. edulis (Rubiaceae), along with eighteen known compounds (3-20), including monoterpenes, iridoid glycosides, and a lignin, which were encountered for the first time in the genus Vangueria,. The structural elucidation of the isolates was based on the analysis of spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) and HR-ESI-MS data. Detailed stereochemical studies of 1 and related iridoid glucosides (compounds 3, 4 and 8) were made by matching the calculated ECD peaks with the experimental ones. All isolates were tested for their antiprotozoal, antifungal, and antiplasmodial activities. Compounds 9, 15 and 16 showed good trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma brucei brucei with IC50 values of 8.18, 9.02 and 7.80 μg/mL, respectively and IC90 values of >10, >10 and 9.76 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 16 showed a moderate activity against Candida glabrata with an IC50 value of 8.66 μg/mL. Compound 20 showed a weak antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 3.29 (SI, >1.4) and 4.53 (SI, >1) μg/mL, respectively

A new iridoid glucoside, 10-methoxy apodanthoside (1), and a new monoterpene glycoside, (3S,6S)-cis linalool-3,7-oxide O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-(1''→5')-β-ᴅ-xylofuranoside (2), were isolated from V. edulis (Rubiaceae), along with eighteen known compounds (3-20), including monoterpenes, iridoid glycosides, and a lignin, which were encountered for the first time in the genus Vangueria,. The structural elucidation of the isolates was based on the analysis of spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) and HR-ESI-MS data. Detailed stereochemical studies of 1 and related iridoid glucosides (compounds 3, 4 and 8) were made by matching the calculated ECD peaks with the experimental ones. All isolates were tested for their antiprotozoal, antifungal, and antiplasmodial activities. Compounds 9, 15 and 16 showed good trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma brucei brucei with IC50 values of 8.18, 9.02 and 7.80 μg/mL, respectively and IC90 values of >10, >10 and 9.76 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 16 showed a moderate activity against Candida glabrata with an IC50 value of 8.66 μg/mL. Compound 20 showed a weak antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 3.29 (SI, >1.4) and 4.53 (SI, >1) μg/mL, respectively

Five new triterpenoid saponins, heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) and N-(2S, 3R, 4R-3-methyl-4-pentanolid-2-yl)-18-hydroxylanosta-8 (9), 22E, 24E-trien-27-amide-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Mussaenda luteola Delile (Rubiaceae). Structural elucidation was based on the analysis of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR) and HR-ESIMS. Compound 1 showed potent antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 value of 8.80 μM. Compounds 2–4 showed highly potent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 values ranging between (2.57–2.84 μM) and IC90 values ranging between (3.36–4.35 μM), which are 5 fold greater than the positive control DFMO (IC50 and IC90 values of 13.06 and 28.99 μM, respectively). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate affinity to μ-opioid receptors with Ki values of 9.936 μM and 0.872 μM, respectively compared to a Ki value of 1.958 nM for the positive control, naloxone HCl.

Five new triterpenoid saponins, heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) and N-(2S, 3R, 4R-3-methyl-4-pentanolid-2-yl)-18-hydroxylanosta-8 (9), 22E, 24E-trien-27-amide-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Mussaenda luteola Delile (Rubiaceae). Structural elucidation was based on the analysis of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR) and HR-ESIMS. Compound 1 showed potent antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 value of 8.80 μM. Compounds 2–4 showed highly potent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 values ranging between (2.57–2.84 μM) and IC90 values ranging between (3.36–4.35 μM), which are 5 fold greater than the positive control DFMO (IC50 and IC90 values of 13.06 and 28.99 μM, respectively). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate affinity to μ-opioid receptors with Ki values of 9.936 μM and 0.872 μM, respectively compared to a Ki value of 1.958 nM for the positive control, naloxone HCl.

Five new triterpenoid saponins, heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), heinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 2α-hydroxyheinsiagenin A 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) and N-(2S, 3R, 4R-3-methyl-4-pentanolid-2-yl)-18-hydroxylanosta-8 (9), 22E, 24E-trien-27-amide-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Mussaenda luteola Delile (Rubiaceae). Structural elucidation was based on the analysis of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR) and HR-ESIMS. Compound 1 showed potent antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 value of 8.80 μM. Compounds 2–4 showed highly potent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 values ranging between (2.57–2.84 μM) and IC90 values ranging between (3.36–4.35 μM), which are 5 fold greater than the positive control DFMO (IC50 and IC90 values of 13.06 and 28.99 μM, respectively). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate affinity to μ-opioid receptors with Ki values of 9.936 μM and 0.872 μM, respectively compared to a Ki value of 1.958 nM for the positive control, naloxone HCl.

The colon is a promising site for drug targeting owing to its long transit time and mild proteolytic activity. The aim of this study was to prepare new low methoxy amidated pectin/NaCMC microspheres cross-linked by a mixture of Zn2+ and Al3+ ions and test their potential for colonic targeting of progesterone. A 24 factorial design was carried out to optimize the preparation conditions. High drug entrapment efficiency (82–99%) was obtained and it increased with increasing drug concentration but decreased with increasing polymer concentration. Drug release rate was directly proportional to the microsphere drug content and inversely related to Al3+ ion concentration. Drug release was minimal during the first 3 h but was significantly improved in the presence of 1% rat caecal contents, confirming the microsphere potential for colonic delivery. The microspheres achieved >2.3-fold enhancement of colonic progesterone permeability. These results confirm the viability of the produced microspheres as colon-targeted drug delivery vehicle.

The colon is a promising site for drug targeting owing to its long transit time and mild proteolytic activity. The aim of this study was to prepare new low methoxy amidated pectin/NaCMC microspheres cross-linked by a mixture of Zn2+ and Al3+ ions and test their potential for colonic targeting of progesterone. A 24 factorial design was carried out to optimize the preparation conditions. High drug entrapment efficiency (82–99%) was obtained and it increased with increasing drug concentration but decreased with increasing polymer concentration. Drug release rate was directly proportional to the microsphere drug content and inversely related to Al3+ ion concentration. Drug release was minimal during the first 3 h but was significantly improved in the presence of 1% rat caecal contents, confirming the microsphere potential for colonic delivery. The microspheres achieved >2.3-fold enhancement of colonic progesterone permeability. These results confirm the viability of the produced microspheres as colon-targeted drug delivery vehicle.

The colon is a promising site for drug targeting owing to its long transit time and mild proteolytic activity. The aim of this study was to prepare new low methoxy amidated pectin/NaCMC microspheres cross-linked by a mixture of Zn2+ and Al3+ ions and test their potential for colonic targeting of progesterone. A 24 factorial design was carried out to optimize the preparation conditions. High drug entrapment efficiency (82–99%) was obtained and it increased with increasing drug concentration but decreased with increasing polymer concentration. Drug release rate was directly proportional to the microsphere drug content and inversely related to Al3+ ion concentration. Drug release was minimal during the first 3 h but was significantly improved in the presence of 1% rat caecal contents, confirming the microsphere potential for colonic delivery. The microspheres achieved >2.3-fold enhancement of colonic progesterone permeability. These results confirm the viability of the produced microspheres as colon-targeted drug delivery vehicle.