Abstract The contribution of innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unclear. Herein, we examined the frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells in patients with juvenile SLE and their potential relations to SLE-related clinical and laboratory parameters. The study included 35 SLE children and 20 apparently healthy controls. After baseline clinical and lab work, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and Pediatric Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (Ped-SDI) scores were assessed. The frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells was examined using flow cytometry. SLE patients showed significantly lower frequency of NK cells and NKT cells and higher frequency of CD56bright NK cells compared to controls. Disease activity, urea, and creatinine correlated negatively with NK, but positively with CD56bright NK cells. NK and NKT cells exhibited inverse correlation with the renal biopsy activity index; however, CD56bright NK cells showed direct correlations with both activity and chronicity indices. Regarding Ped-SDI, renal, neuropsychiatry disorders, and growth failure correlated inversely with NK but directly with CD56bright NK cells. NKT cell inversely correlated with renal damage and delayed puberty. In conclusion, low frequency of NK and NKT and expansion of CD56bright NK cells are marked in juvenile SLE, particularly with activity. These changes have direct effect on renal impairment and growth failure, reflecting their potential influence on disease progression.

Abstract The contribution of innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unclear. Herein, we examined the frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells in patients with juvenile SLE and their potential relations to SLE-related clinical and laboratory parameters. The study included 35 SLE children and 20 apparently healthy controls. After baseline clinical and lab work, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and Pediatric Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (Ped-SDI) scores were assessed. The frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells was examined using flow cytometry. SLE patients showed significantly lower frequency of NK cells and NKT cells and higher frequency of CD56bright NK cells compared to controls. Disease activity, urea, and creatinine correlated negatively with NK, but positively with CD56bright NK cells. NK and NKT cells exhibited inverse correlation with the renal biopsy activity index; however, CD56bright NK cells showed direct correlations with both activity and chronicity indices. Regarding Ped-SDI, renal, neuropsychiatry disorders, and growth failure correlated inversely with NK but directly with CD56bright NK cells. NKT cell inversely correlated with renal damage and delayed puberty. In conclusion, low frequency of NK and NKT and expansion of CD56bright NK cells are marked in juvenile SLE, particularly with activity. These changes have direct effect on renal impairment and growth failure, reflecting their potential influence on disease progression.

Abstract The contribution of innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unclear. Herein, we examined the frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells in patients with juvenile SLE and their potential relations to SLE-related clinical and laboratory parameters. The study included 35 SLE children and 20 apparently healthy controls. After baseline clinical and lab work, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and Pediatric Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (Ped-SDI) scores were assessed. The frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells was examined using flow cytometry. SLE patients showed significantly lower frequency of NK cells and NKT cells and higher frequency of CD56bright NK cells compared to controls. Disease activity, urea, and creatinine correlated negatively with NK, but positively with CD56bright NK cells. NK and NKT cells exhibited inverse correlation with the renal biopsy activity index; however, CD56bright NK cells showed direct correlations with both activity and chronicity indices. Regarding Ped-SDI, renal, neuropsychiatry disorders, and growth failure correlated inversely with NK but directly with CD56bright NK cells. NKT cell inversely correlated with renal damage and delayed puberty. In conclusion, low frequency of NK and NKT and expansion of CD56bright NK cells are marked in juvenile SLE, particularly with activity. These changes have direct effect on renal impairment and growth failure, reflecting their potential influence on disease progression.

Abstract The contribution of innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unclear. Herein, we examined the frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells in patients with juvenile SLE and their potential relations to SLE-related clinical and laboratory parameters. The study included 35 SLE children and 20 apparently healthy controls. After baseline clinical and lab work, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and Pediatric Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (Ped-SDI) scores were assessed. The frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells was examined using flow cytometry. SLE patients showed significantly lower frequency of NK cells and NKT cells and higher frequency of CD56bright NK cells compared to controls. Disease activity, urea, and creatinine correlated negatively with NK, but positively with CD56bright NK cells. NK and NKT cells exhibited inverse correlation with the renal biopsy activity index; however, CD56bright NK cells showed direct correlations with both activity and chronicity indices. Regarding Ped-SDI, renal, neuropsychiatry disorders, and growth failure correlated inversely with NK but directly with CD56bright NK cells. NKT cell inversely correlated with renal damage and delayed puberty. In conclusion, low frequency of NK and NKT and expansion of CD56bright NK cells are marked in juvenile SLE, particularly with activity. These changes have direct effect on renal impairment and growth failure, reflecting their potential influence on disease progression.

Abstract The contribution of innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still unclear. Herein, we examined the frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells in patients with juvenile SLE and their potential relations to SLE-related clinical and laboratory parameters. The study included 35 SLE children and 20 apparently healthy controls. After baseline clinical and lab work, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and Pediatric Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (Ped-SDI) scores were assessed. The frequency of peripheral NK cells, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, and NKT cells was examined using flow cytometry. SLE patients showed significantly lower frequency of NK cells and NKT cells and higher frequency of CD56bright NK cells compared to controls. Disease activity, urea, and creatinine correlated negatively with NK, but positively with CD56bright NK cells. NK and NKT cells exhibited inverse correlation with the renal biopsy activity index; however, CD56bright NK cells showed direct correlations with both activity and chronicity indices. Regarding Ped-SDI, renal, neuropsychiatry disorders, and growth failure correlated inversely with NK but directly with CD56bright NK cells. NKT cell inversely correlated with renal damage and delayed puberty. In conclusion, low frequency of NK and NKT and expansion of CD56bright NK cells are marked in juvenile SLE, particularly with activity. These changes have direct effect on renal impairment and growth failure, reflecting their potential influence on disease progression.

To compare oxidative stress in human testicular tissue in both cases of obstructive (OA) and non- obstructive or functional azoospermia (NOA) before and after cryopreservation. Design: Comparative study. Material and methods: Azoospermic patients with OA and NOA were subject to surgical sperm retrieval with needle aspiration using a 14 G cannula. Cryopreservation was done in cryovials immersed in liquid nitrogen(-196⁰c). Assay of Catalase activity (CAT) and Malondialdehyde level (MDA) using colorimetric methods in fresh testicular samples and after cryopreservation of samples with positive sperm retrieval. In addition, assessing the number of retrieved sperms and Johnson spermatogenic score were done in fresh testicular samples. Results: The study included 21 OA (group A), 16 positive NOA (group B with positive sperm retrieval) and 21 negative NOA (group C with negative sperm retrieval). Mean CAT activity in positive and negative NOA groups (151.90 ± 122.32 U/gm protein) (146.00 ± 121.7 U/gm protein respectively), were significantly higher than OA group (65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P=0.017, P=0.018 respectively). MDA level was also significantly higher in positive and negative NOA (31.50 ± 15.81 nmolgm) (40.38 ± 14.42 nmolgm) groups than OA group (21.33 ± 9.61 nmolgm) (P=0.043, P=0.000) respectively. CAT activity and MDA level correlated negatively with mean number of retrieved sperms (in groups with positive sperm retrieval A&B) (r= - 0.261, P= 0.048, r= -0.402, P=0.002) respectively. After thaw there was significant increase in CAT activity in OA only (213.67 ± 160.36 v 65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P= 0.000), while there was no significant difference in MDA level in both OA and positive NOA. However, after thawing mean MDA level was still significantly higher in NOA than OA (26.94 ± 11.21 v 24.19 ± 15.97 nmolgm) (P= 0.049). Conclusion: Men with NOA seem to have increased basal testicular oxidative stress compared to those with OA as indicated by increased CAT activity and MDA level in fresh testicular samples. These markers of oxidative stress correlated negatively with spermatogenic activity. Furthermore, OA seem to resist oxidative injury induced by cryopreservation by enhancing CAT activity more efficiently than NOA.

To compare oxidative stress in human testicular tissue in both cases of obstructive (OA) and non- obstructive or functional azoospermia (NOA) before and after cryopreservation. Design: Comparative study. Material and methods: Azoospermic patients with OA and NOA were subject to surgical sperm retrieval with needle aspiration using a 14 G cannula. Cryopreservation was done in cryovials immersed in liquid nitrogen(-196⁰c). Assay of Catalase activity (CAT) and Malondialdehyde level (MDA) using colorimetric methods in fresh testicular samples and after cryopreservation of samples with positive sperm retrieval. In addition, assessing the number of retrieved sperms and Johnson spermatogenic score were done in fresh testicular samples. Results: The study included 21 OA (group A), 16 positive NOA (group B with positive sperm retrieval) and 21 negative NOA (group C with negative sperm retrieval). Mean CAT activity in positive and negative NOA groups (151.90 ± 122.32 U/gm protein) (146.00 ± 121.7 U/gm protein respectively), were significantly higher than OA group (65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P=0.017, P=0.018 respectively). MDA level was also significantly higher in positive and negative NOA (31.50 ± 15.81 nmolgm) (40.38 ± 14.42 nmolgm) groups than OA group (21.33 ± 9.61 nmolgm) (P=0.043, P=0.000) respectively. CAT activity and MDA level correlated negatively with mean number of retrieved sperms (in groups with positive sperm retrieval A&B) (r= - 0.261, P= 0.048, r= -0.402, P=0.002) respectively. After thaw there was significant increase in CAT activity in OA only (213.67 ± 160.36 v 65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P= 0.000), while there was no significant difference in MDA level in both OA and positive NOA. However, after thawing mean MDA level was still significantly higher in NOA than OA (26.94 ± 11.21 v 24.19 ± 15.97 nmolgm) (P= 0.049). Conclusion: Men with NOA seem to have increased basal testicular oxidative stress compared to those with OA as indicated by increased CAT activity and MDA level in fresh testicular samples. These markers of oxidative stress correlated negatively with spermatogenic activity. Furthermore, OA seem to resist oxidative injury induced by cryopreservation by enhancing CAT activity more efficiently than NOA.

To compare oxidative stress in human testicular tissue in both cases of obstructive (OA) and non- obstructive or functional azoospermia (NOA) before and after cryopreservation. Design: Comparative study. Material and methods: Azoospermic patients with OA and NOA were subject to surgical sperm retrieval with needle aspiration using a 14 G cannula. Cryopreservation was done in cryovials immersed in liquid nitrogen(-196⁰c). Assay of Catalase activity (CAT) and Malondialdehyde level (MDA) using colorimetric methods in fresh testicular samples and after cryopreservation of samples with positive sperm retrieval. In addition, assessing the number of retrieved sperms and Johnson spermatogenic score were done in fresh testicular samples. Results: The study included 21 OA (group A), 16 positive NOA (group B with positive sperm retrieval) and 21 negative NOA (group C with negative sperm retrieval). Mean CAT activity in positive and negative NOA groups (151.90 ± 122.32 U/gm protein) (146.00 ± 121.7 U/gm protein respectively), were significantly higher than OA group (65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P=0.017, P=0.018 respectively). MDA level was also significantly higher in positive and negative NOA (31.50 ± 15.81 nmolgm) (40.38 ± 14.42 nmolgm) groups than OA group (21.33 ± 9.61 nmolgm) (P=0.043, P=0.000) respectively. CAT activity and MDA level correlated negatively with mean number of retrieved sperms (in groups with positive sperm retrieval A&B) (r= - 0.261, P= 0.048, r= -0.402, P=0.002) respectively. After thaw there was significant increase in CAT activity in OA only (213.67 ± 160.36 v 65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P= 0.000), while there was no significant difference in MDA level in both OA and positive NOA. However, after thawing mean MDA level was still significantly higher in NOA than OA (26.94 ± 11.21 v 24.19 ± 15.97 nmolgm) (P= 0.049). Conclusion: Men with NOA seem to have increased basal testicular oxidative stress compared to those with OA as indicated by increased CAT activity and MDA level in fresh testicular samples. These markers of oxidative stress correlated negatively with spermatogenic activity. Furthermore, OA seem to resist oxidative injury induced by cryopreservation by enhancing CAT activity more efficiently than NOA.

To compare oxidative stress in human testicular tissue in both cases of obstructive (OA) and non- obstructive or functional azoospermia (NOA) before and after cryopreservation. Design: Comparative study. Material and methods: Azoospermic patients with OA and NOA were subject to surgical sperm retrieval with needle aspiration using a 14 G cannula. Cryopreservation was done in cryovials immersed in liquid nitrogen(-196⁰c). Assay of Catalase activity (CAT) and Malondialdehyde level (MDA) using colorimetric methods in fresh testicular samples and after cryopreservation of samples with positive sperm retrieval. In addition, assessing the number of retrieved sperms and Johnson spermatogenic score were done in fresh testicular samples. Results: The study included 21 OA (group A), 16 positive NOA (group B with positive sperm retrieval) and 21 negative NOA (group C with negative sperm retrieval). Mean CAT activity in positive and negative NOA groups (151.90 ± 122.32 U/gm protein) (146.00 ± 121.7 U/gm protein respectively), were significantly higher than OA group (65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P=0.017, P=0.018 respectively). MDA level was also significantly higher in positive and negative NOA (31.50 ± 15.81 nmolgm) (40.38 ± 14.42 nmolgm) groups than OA group (21.33 ± 9.61 nmolgm) (P=0.043, P=0.000) respectively. CAT activity and MDA level correlated negatively with mean number of retrieved sperms (in groups with positive sperm retrieval A&B) (r= - 0.261, P= 0.048, r= -0.402, P=0.002) respectively. After thaw there was significant increase in CAT activity in OA only (213.67 ± 160.36 v 65.67 ± 72.99 U/gm protein) (P= 0.000), while there was no significant difference in MDA level in both OA and positive NOA. However, after thawing mean MDA level was still significantly higher in NOA than OA (26.94 ± 11.21 v 24.19 ± 15.97 nmolgm) (P= 0.049). Conclusion: Men with NOA seem to have increased basal testicular oxidative stress compared to those with OA as indicated by increased CAT activity and MDA level in fresh testicular samples. These markers of oxidative stress correlated negatively with spermatogenic activity. Furthermore, OA seem to resist oxidative injury induced by cryopreservation by enhancing CAT activity more efficiently than NOA.

Aim: Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous element extensively utilized in many products like food additives, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines, but its hematotoxic and immunotoxic effects are not entirely clarified. The present study explored the developmental hematotoxic and immunotoxic properties of aluminum sulfate (AS) in rats’ offspring. Methods: Forty female offspring (10 rats each) were given three incremental AS doses plus a control group, from conception through lactation and after weaning until reached eight weeks old (near adults). Spleen relative weights along with total and differential blood counts were evaluated. Spectroscopic Al levels in spleen and brain were analyzed. Three immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgE) and two cytokines, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, were measured through the ELISA technique. Results: The results revealed a significant relative increase in splenic weights mostly observed in the highest AS dose treated group. Reduction in the total leukocytic count was noticed in the three AS treated groups with relative lymphocytosis. Additionally, a significant decline in RBCs counts and hemoglobin concentrations were recorded. Tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly elevated in the three Al treated groups, while, interferon- γ showed a non-significant reduction compared to the control group. A significant increment in IgG and decline in IgE concentrations with no change in IgM level among groups were observed. Conclusion: Perinatal AS exposure caused mostly non-linear dose-dependent hematotoxicity and immunological impairment especially for the acquired immunity either cellular or humoral. Further studies can examine the immunotoxic effect of Al on male offspring during different stages of immune development.