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Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonotic disease caused by T. spiralis affecting human and animals. Treatment with commercially available drugs has not been satisfactory due to rapid development of drug-resistant particularly against encapsulated larvae. There is an increasing need to discover alternative anthelminthics agents from medicinal plants. The present study evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activities of myrrh crude extract and myrrh volatile oil on T. spiralis larvae compared to albendazole to estimate their sublethal concentrations on the infectivity of T. spiralis larvae in mice. The in vitro effect of these agents was evaluated by assessing mortality rate and by a scanning electron microscopic analysis of ultrastructural changes in the cuticle of the larvae. The surface changes induced by crude myrrh extract and albendazole were more severe than those observed after exposure to myrrh volatile oil. All responses to the substances were time dose-dependent and highly significantly different from the control group (p0.001). 100% mortality rate of larvae occurred on the 4 th day at 3, 5, &7mg/ml of myrrh crude extract, on the 7 th day with volatile oil while total larval death occurred on the 1 st day of exposure in to 5, 10, 15 & 20µg/ml of albendazole. In vitro exposure to sublethal dose of albendazole, crude myrrh extract and volatile oil extract resulted in infectivity reduction by 100%, 98% & 88% respectively in intestinal phase and 100%, 98% &59% respectively in muscular phase.

Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonotic disease caused by T. spiralis affecting human and animals. Treatment with commercially available drugs has not been satisfactory due to rapid development of drug-resistant particularly against encapsulated larvae. There is an increasing need to discover alternative anthelminthics agents from medicinal plants. The present study evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activities of myrrh crude extract and myrrh volatile oil on T. spiralis larvae compared to albendazole to estimate their sublethal concentrations on the infectivity of T. spiralis larvae in mice. The in vitro effect of these agents was evaluated by assessing mortality rate and by a scanning electron microscopic analysis of ultrastructural changes in the cuticle of the larvae. The surface changes induced by crude myrrh extract and albendazole were more severe than those observed after exposure to myrrh volatile oil. All responses to the substances were time dose-dependent and highly significantly different from the control group (p0.001). 100% mortality rate of larvae occurred on the 4 th day at 3, 5, &7mg/ml of myrrh crude extract, on the 7 th day with volatile oil while total larval death occurred on the 1 st day of exposure in to 5, 10, 15 & 20µg/ml of albendazole. In vitro exposure to sublethal dose of albendazole, crude myrrh extract and volatile oil extract resulted in infectivity reduction by 100%, 98% & 88% respectively in intestinal phase and 100%, 98% &59% respectively in muscular phase.

Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonotic disease caused by T. spiralis affecting human and animals. Treatment with commercially available drugs has not been satisfactory due to rapid development of drug-resistant particularly against encapsulated larvae. There is an increasing need to discover alternative anthelminthics agents from medicinal plants. The present study evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activities of myrrh crude extract and myrrh volatile oil on T. spiralis larvae compared to albendazole to estimate their sublethal concentrations on the infectivity of T. spiralis larvae in mice. The in vitro effect of these agents was evaluated by assessing mortality rate and by a scanning electron microscopic analysis of ultrastructural changes in the cuticle of the larvae. The surface changes induced by crude myrrh extract and albendazole were more severe than those observed after exposure to myrrh volatile oil. All responses to the substances were time dose-dependent and highly significantly different from the control group (p0.001). 100% mortality rate of larvae occurred on the 4 th day at 3, 5, &7mg/ml of myrrh crude extract, on the 7 th day with volatile oil while total larval death occurred on the 1 st day of exposure in to 5, 10, 15 & 20µg/ml of albendazole. In vitro exposure to sublethal dose of albendazole, crude myrrh extract and volatile oil extract resulted in infectivity reduction by 100%, 98% & 88% respectively in intestinal phase and 100%, 98% &59% respectively in muscular phase.

Background Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) is a well-established interventional radiological technique for treatment of isolated gastric varices (GV). The aim of this study is to compare outcome after different BRTO techniques, i.e., conventional, selective and superselective techniques. Fifty-nine consecutive patients underwent BRTO as a primary prophylactic treatment for GV were retrospectively categorized into group A (38 patients underwent conventional BRTO) and group B (21 patients underwent selective or superselective BRTO). Group B was sub-grouped into group B1 (11 patients underwent selective BRTO) and group B2 (10 patients underwent superselective BRTO). Results Median volume of ethanol amine oleate iopamidol (EOI) was significantly higher in group A than in group B2 (14.8 Vs 7.4 ml, p = 0.03). Complete GV thrombosis was significantly lower in group B2 (50%) than in A (89.5%, p = 0.01) and B1 (100%, p = 0.01). GV bleeding rate after BRTO was significantly higher in group B2 than in group A (20% vs 0%, p = 0.04). GV recurrence rate was not significantly different between group A and B (p = 0.5) or between group A, B1 and B2 (p = 0.1). Cumulative ascites exacerbation rate was significantly higher in group A than B (p = 0.005), B1 (p = 0.03), and B2 (p = 0.03). Cumulative esophageal varices (Es.V) aggravation rate was significantly higher in group A than B (p = 0.001), B1 (p = 0.01), and B2 (p = 0.03). Volume of EOI was a significant risk factor for ascites exacerbation (p = 0.008) while shunt occlusion and pre-existing partial portal vein thrombosis were significant risk factors for Es.V aggravation (p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion Selective and super-selective techniques had a lower ascites exacerbation, and Es.V aggravation rates than conventional technique. However, superselective BRTO had a lower GV complete thrombosis and higher GV bleeding rates after BRTO than other techniques.

Background Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) is a well-established interventional radiological technique for treatment of isolated gastric varices (GV). The aim of this study is to compare outcome after different BRTO techniques, i.e., conventional, selective and superselective techniques. Fifty-nine consecutive patients underwent BRTO as a primary prophylactic treatment for GV were retrospectively categorized into group A (38 patients underwent conventional BRTO) and group B (21 patients underwent selective or superselective BRTO). Group B was sub-grouped into group B1 (11 patients underwent selective BRTO) and group B2 (10 patients underwent superselective BRTO). Results Median volume of ethanol amine oleate iopamidol (EOI) was significantly higher in group A than in group B2 (14.8 Vs 7.4 ml, p = 0.03). Complete GV thrombosis was significantly lower in group B2 (50%) than in A (89.5%, p = 0.01) and B1 (100%, p = 0.01). GV bleeding rate after BRTO was significantly higher in group B2 than in group A (20% vs 0%, p = 0.04). GV recurrence rate was not significantly different between group A and B (p = 0.5) or between group A, B1 and B2 (p = 0.1). Cumulative ascites exacerbation rate was significantly higher in group A than B (p = 0.005), B1 (p = 0.03), and B2 (p = 0.03). Cumulative esophageal varices (Es.V) aggravation rate was significantly higher in group A than B (p = 0.001), B1 (p = 0.01), and B2 (p = 0.03). Volume of EOI was a significant risk factor for ascites exacerbation (p = 0.008) while shunt occlusion and pre-existing partial portal vein thrombosis were significant risk factors for Es.V aggravation (p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion Selective and super-selective techniques had a lower ascites exacerbation, and Es.V aggravation rates than conventional technique. However, superselective BRTO had a lower GV complete thrombosis and higher GV bleeding rates after BRTO than other techniques.

Background Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) is a well-established interventional radiological technique for treatment of isolated gastric varices (GV). The aim of this study is to compare outcome after different BRTO techniques, i.e., conventional, selective and superselective techniques. Fifty-nine consecutive patients underwent BRTO as a primary prophylactic treatment for GV were retrospectively categorized into group A (38 patients underwent conventional BRTO) and group B (21 patients underwent selective or superselective BRTO). Group B was sub-grouped into group B1 (11 patients underwent selective BRTO) and group B2 (10 patients underwent superselective BRTO). Results Median volume of ethanol amine oleate iopamidol (EOI) was significantly higher in group A than in group B2 (14.8 Vs 7.4 ml, p = 0.03). Complete GV thrombosis was significantly lower in group B2 (50%) than in A (89.5%, p = 0.01) and B1 (100%, p = 0.01). GV bleeding rate after BRTO was significantly higher in group B2 than in group A (20% vs 0%, p = 0.04). GV recurrence rate was not significantly different between group A and B (p = 0.5) or between group A, B1 and B2 (p = 0.1). Cumulative ascites exacerbation rate was significantly higher in group A than B (p = 0.005), B1 (p = 0.03), and B2 (p = 0.03). Cumulative esophageal varices (Es.V) aggravation rate was significantly higher in group A than B (p = 0.001), B1 (p = 0.01), and B2 (p = 0.03). Volume of EOI was a significant risk factor for ascites exacerbation (p = 0.008) while shunt occlusion and pre-existing partial portal vein thrombosis were significant risk factors for Es.V aggravation (p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion Selective and super-selective techniques had a lower ascites exacerbation, and Es.V aggravation rates than conventional technique. However, superselective BRTO had a lower GV complete thrombosis and higher GV bleeding rates after BRTO than other techniques.