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Aim: This prospective randomized case control study aimed to investigate effect of oral agar administration in reducing total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels in full-term neonates with jaundice in comparison with control. Materials and methods: One hundred sixty full-term neonates were enrolled with TSB 10–19 mg/dl at first week of age from Assiut University Children’s Hospital. Neonates were divided according to TSB into outpatient group (n¼100) (TSB 10–15mg/dl) and admitted group (n¼60) (TSB > 15–19mg/dl). Outpatients group were subdivided into agar group received oral agar and control group received placebo. Admitted group were subdivided into agar group received oral agar plus phototherapy combination and control group received phototherapy alone. Neonates in the agar supplementation received oral agar 600 mg/kg/day dissolved in 10 ml distilled water twice daily till TSB decreased to 7mg/dl. Daily weight, stool frequency and side effects of treatment were observed for each group. TSB was determined pretreatment then serially every 48 h until TSB level reaching 7mg/dl. Results: Agar fed was effective in lowering TSB in neonates with TSB 10–15 mg/dl. TSB percentage changes were not significantly lower in agar-fed newborn with TSB >15–19mg/dl compared with control groups after 24 h and 7 days. Age fed shortened the time required to decrease TSB and increased stooling frequency. Conclusions: Oral agar supplemented feeding at 600mg/kg/day is safe for full-term neonates and useful in decreasing TSB and phototherapy duration. The efficacy of phototherapy in decreasing TSB level in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can be augmented with oral agar usage.

Aim: This prospective randomized case control study aimed to investigate effect of oral agar administration in reducing total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels in full-term neonates with jaundice in comparison with control. Materials and methods: One hundred sixty full-term neonates were enrolled with TSB 10–19 mg/dl at first week of age from Assiut University Children’s Hospital. Neonates were divided according to TSB into outpatient group (n¼100) (TSB 10–15mg/dl) and admitted group (n¼60) (TSB > 15–19mg/dl). Outpatients group were subdivided into agar group received oral agar and control group received placebo. Admitted group were subdivided into agar group received oral agar plus phototherapy combination and control group received phototherapy alone. Neonates in the agar supplementation received oral agar 600 mg/kg/day dissolved in 10 ml distilled water twice daily till TSB decreased to 7mg/dl. Daily weight, stool frequency and side effects of treatment were observed for each group. TSB was determined pretreatment then serially every 48 h until TSB level reaching 7mg/dl. Results: Agar fed was effective in lowering TSB in neonates with TSB 10–15 mg/dl. TSB percentage changes were not significantly lower in agar-fed newborn with TSB >15–19mg/dl compared with control groups after 24 h and 7 days. Age fed shortened the time required to decrease TSB and increased stooling frequency. Conclusions: Oral agar supplemented feeding at 600mg/kg/day is safe for full-term neonates and useful in decreasing TSB and phototherapy duration. The efficacy of phototherapy in decreasing TSB level in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can be augmented with oral agar usage.

Aim: This prospective randomized case control study aimed to investigate effect of oral agar administration in reducing total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels in full-term neonates with jaundice in comparison with control. Materials and methods: One hundred sixty full-term neonates were enrolled with TSB 10–19 mg/dl at first week of age from Assiut University Children’s Hospital. Neonates were divided according to TSB into outpatient group (n¼100) (TSB 10–15mg/dl) and admitted group (n¼60) (TSB > 15–19mg/dl). Outpatients group were subdivided into agar group received oral agar and control group received placebo. Admitted group were subdivided into agar group received oral agar plus phototherapy combination and control group received phototherapy alone. Neonates in the agar supplementation received oral agar 600 mg/kg/day dissolved in 10 ml distilled water twice daily till TSB decreased to 7mg/dl. Daily weight, stool frequency and side effects of treatment were observed for each group. TSB was determined pretreatment then serially every 48 h until TSB level reaching 7mg/dl. Results: Agar fed was effective in lowering TSB in neonates with TSB 10–15 mg/dl. TSB percentage changes were not significantly lower in agar-fed newborn with TSB >15–19mg/dl compared with control groups after 24 h and 7 days. Age fed shortened the time required to decrease TSB and increased stooling frequency. Conclusions: Oral agar supplemented feeding at 600mg/kg/day is safe for full-term neonates and useful in decreasing TSB and phototherapy duration. The efficacy of phototherapy in decreasing TSB level in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can be augmented with oral agar usage.

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Dementia is a progressive cognitive impairment of variable causes. It is considered a global health challenge worldwide as it represents a major comorbidity in the absence of specific treatment or cure. Neurotrophic factors like transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been emerged to be a corner stone in synaptic plasticity and memory. Our work aimed to recognize the potential role of TGFβ1 and BDNF in cognitive impairment estimated by the psychometric tests of Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementias. Thirty demented patients divided into two groups (15 in each group) and 25 healthy matched controls were included. Diagnosis of dementia and estimation of psychometric features using modified mini mental state examination (3MS), memory assessment scale (MAS), and beck depression inventory scale were performed. Serum TGFβ1 and BDNF were also assessed in all groups. Psychometric tests revealed significant cognitive impairment in both groups compared to normal control. There was significant increase in the serum level of TGFβ1 and significant decrease in BDNF in both demented groups compared to control group. A significant positive correlation was found between the cognitive impairment and serum TGFβ1 in both demented groups. In conclusion, our findings suggested that serum TGFβ1 levels could reflect the severity of dementia regardless its cause, in addition, depletion of BDNF might be a possible mechanism of cognitive deterioration in dementia

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Background and Aim Thimerosal (THIM) is a mercury-containing preservative widely used in many biological and medical products including many vaccines. It has been accused of being a possible etiological factor for some neurodevelopmental disorders such as autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). In our study, the potential therapeutic effect of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to treat seasonal allergies and asthma, on THIM mice model (ASDs model) was examined. Methodology Newborn mice were randomly distributed into three groups: (Group 1) Control (Cont.) group received saline injections. (Group 2) THIM-treated (THIM) group received THIM intramuscular (IM) at a dose of 3000 μg Hg/kg on postnatal days 7, 9, 11, and 15. (Group 3) Montelukast-treated (Monte) group received THIM followed by montelukast sodium (10 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneal (IP) for 3 weeks. Mice were evaluated for growth development, social interactions, anxiety, locomotor activity, and cognitive function. Brain histopathology, alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), apoptotic factor (Bax), and brain injury markers were evaluated as well. Results THIIM significantly impaired social activity and growth development. Montelukast mitigated THIM-induced social deficit probably through α7nAChRs upregulation, NF-κB p65, Bax, and brain injury markers downregulation, thus suppressing THIM-induced neuronal toxicity and inflammation. Conclusion Neonatal exposure to THIM can induce growth retardation and abnormal social interactions similar to those observed in ASDs. Some of these abnormalities could be ameliorated by montelukast via upregulation of α7nAChRs that inhibited NF-κB activation and significant suppression of neuronal injury and the associated apoptosis.

Background and Aim Thimerosal (THIM) is a mercury-containing preservative widely used in many biological and medical products including many vaccines. It has been accused of being a possible etiological factor for some neurodevelopmental disorders such as autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). In our study, the potential therapeutic effect of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to treat seasonal allergies and asthma, on THIM mice model (ASDs model) was examined. Methodology Newborn mice were randomly distributed into three groups: (Group 1) Control (Cont.) group received saline injections. (Group 2) THIM-treated (THIM) group received THIM intramuscular (IM) at a dose of 3000 μg Hg/kg on postnatal days 7, 9, 11, and 15. (Group 3) Montelukast-treated (Monte) group received THIM followed by montelukast sodium (10 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneal (IP) for 3 weeks. Mice were evaluated for growth development, social interactions, anxiety, locomotor activity, and cognitive function. Brain histopathology, alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), apoptotic factor (Bax), and brain injury markers were evaluated as well. Results THIIM significantly impaired social activity and growth development. Montelukast mitigated THIM-induced social deficit probably through α7nAChRs upregulation, NF-κB p65, Bax, and brain injury markers downregulation, thus suppressing THIM-induced neuronal toxicity and inflammation. Conclusion Neonatal exposure to THIM can induce growth retardation and abnormal social interactions similar to those observed in ASDs. Some of these abnormalities could be ameliorated by montelukast via upregulation of α7nAChRs that inhibited NF-κB activation and significant suppression of neuronal injury and the associated apoptosis.