Problem statement: Breast milk contain protective factors as soluble CD14, L-Fucose and Sialic acid which increase the innate immunity and level of intelligence, decrease the incidence of gastroenteritis, chest and other systemic diseases in newly born infants. In the present study the role of soluble CD14, L-Fucose and Sialic acid, in increasing the immunity in breastfed infants were studied to establish the previously unrecognized function and their broader spectrum of activities. Approach: The study was carried out with three different groups of breastfed neonates/infants; In group-I twenty full term neonate aging from (1-29 days), group-II fifteen pre-term neonates aging from (1-29 days) and in group-III fifteen infants aging from (61-730 days) were selected and their health were studied. Results: The results showed that the levels of sCD14 were 16.47 ± 5.50, 17.07 ± 5.86 and 15.10± 3.45 μg mL−1 in full term, pre-term and 2-years group respectively. The levels of sialic acid were 2.5-3 folds higher in group-I (3.29±1.34 mmol L−1) and group-II (3.99 ± 1.32 mmol L−1), as compared to group-III (1.30 ± 0.16 mmol L−1) repectively. Similarly, the level of L-Fucose was 1.5 folds higher in group-I (8.84 ± 0.34 mmol L−1) and group-II (8.92 ± 0.37 mmol L−1) as compared to group-III (5.80 ± 1.96 mmol L-1). Conclusion: Breast milk contains a variety of antimicrobial substances (relatively resistant against intestinal proteolysis) that functions in safeguarding the lactating mammary gland and provides protection to the suckling infant at a time when its immune system is still immature, some of these substances include sCD14, Sialic acid and L-Fucose. Hence, it is recommended to breastfeed the neonates/infants to enhance their immunity.

PSA, which is overexpressed in prostate carcinoma, represents a molecular target for selectively releasing an anticancer agent from a prodrug formulation. In this study, we report on the in vivo antitumor efficacy of an efficacious albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin (PSA9) that incorporates p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PABC) as a self-immolative spacer in addition to the heptapeptide, Arg-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Ser-Leu, which serves as a substrate for PSA. The prodrug is cleaved very efficiently by PSA releasing H-Ser-Leu-PABC-doxorubicin and subsequently doxorubicin in PSA-positive cell lysates and prostate tumor homogenates as the final cleavage product. PSA9 at 36mgkg1 doxorubicin equivalents (intravenous) was compared with conventional doxorubicin at equitoxic doses (at 33mgkg1; intravenous) in an orthotopic mouse model of prostate cancer using LNCaP lentiviral luciferase-neomycin cells transduced with luciferase. Whereas doxorubicin did not show any efficacy against the primary tumor or metastases, the prodrug reduced the primary tumor by 30–50% and circulating PSA levels, and in addition, showed a pronounced reduction in lung and bone metastases by B77% and B96%, respectively, and a positive trend regarding the activity against liver and lymph-node metastases compared with control and doxorubicin-treated animals. The incorporation of PABC as a self-immolative spacer together with a PSA substrate demonstrates superior antitumor effects over doxorubicin attributed to an efficient cleavage by PSA releasing doxorubicin as the final active agent in prostate tumor homogenates. Using this approach for developing effective prodrugs against prostate cancer, is worthy of further preclinical optimization.