Cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed in epileptic patients. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling is a well established animal model which simulates clinical epilepsy. This study evaluated the potential role of glutamate, oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling and associated cognitive impairments in mice and effect of thymoquinone on these parameters. Repeated treatment of mice with a subconvulsive dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) once every alternate-day for 12 injections induced kindling. PTZ-kindled mice showed learning and memory impairments as assessed by acquisition and probe trials of Morris water maze and step-through latency of passive avoidance tests. Concurrently, the brain glutamate, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were increased while the brain intracellular reduced glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity were decreased in PTZkindled mice. Also, the brain inducible but not neuronal NO synthase mRNA and protein expressions were increased in PTZ-kindled mice. Treatment of mice with thymoquinonne (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.) along with alternate-day subconvulsive dose of PTZ produced dose-dependent protection against PTZ-induced kindling and learning and memory impairments. Moreover, treatment of mice with thymoquinonne (20 mg/kg) inhibited the biochemical alterations induced by PTZ in the brain except the elevation of brain glutamate level. The associated increase in brain inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein expressions were also inhibited. These results suggest that glutamate, and subsequent oxidative stress and NO overproduction, via inducible NO synthase, play an important role in the pathophysiology of PTZ-induced kindling and cognitive impairments in mice. Thymoquinone dose-dependently protects against PTZ-induced kindling and cognitive impairments. Inhibition of PTZ-induced brain oxidative stress and NO overproduction, via increase the expression and activity of inducible NO synthase, may play an important role in thymoquinone action.

Cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed in epileptic patients. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling is a well established animal model which simulates clinical epilepsy. This study evaluated the potential role of glutamate, oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling and associated cognitive impairments in mice and effect of thymoquinone on these parameters. Repeated treatment of mice with a subconvulsive dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) once every alternate-day for 12 injections induced kindling. PTZ-kindled mice showed learning and memory impairments as assessed by acquisition and probe trials of Morris water maze and step-through latency of passive avoidance tests. Concurrently, the brain glutamate, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were increased while the brain intracellular reduced glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity were decreased in PTZkindled mice. Also, the brain inducible but not neuronal NO synthase mRNA and protein expressions were increased in PTZ-kindled mice. Treatment of mice with thymoquinonne (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.) along with alternate-day subconvulsive dose of PTZ produced dose-dependent protection against PTZ-induced kindling and learning and memory impairments. Moreover, treatment of mice with thymoquinonne (20 mg/kg) inhibited the biochemical alterations induced by PTZ in the brain except the elevation of brain glutamate level. The associated increase in brain inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein expressions were also inhibited. These results suggest that glutamate, and subsequent oxidative stress and NO overproduction, via inducible NO synthase, play an important role in the pathophysiology of PTZ-induced kindling and cognitive impairments in mice. Thymoquinone dose-dependently protects against PTZ-induced kindling and cognitive impairments. Inhibition of PTZ-induced brain oxidative stress and NO overproduction, via increase the expression and activity of inducible NO synthase, may play an important role in thymoquinone action.

Aims: Due to lack of available studies on the intestinal parasitic infection in children in Aswan Governorate, the present study is planned to monitor and associated risk factors of the intestinal parasitic parasites among urban and rural primary school children in Aswan Governorate. Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Tis study was carried out in Aswan Governorate during the period from October 2015 to March 2016. Methodology: A total of 300 stool samples were collected from children were included in the study. Teir ages arranged from 6 to 12 years, 170 of them were males 130 were females and examined by direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques and also stained with different stain for parasitic infections. Medical Sociodemographic data were collected by using a standardized questionnaire. Results: Te overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 31%; Single infection in 26% and mixed infection in 5%. Te most predominant protozoal parasites found was Entamoeba histolytica 8.3% followed by Giardia lamblia 3.7% and Cryptosporidium parvum 1.7% and commonest helminthic infection was Oxyuris 6.6% followed by H. nana 3% Ascaris lumbricoides 1%. Mixed infection was in form of Entrobius vermicularis plus Entamoeba histolytica in 23.4%, Entrobius vermicularis plus Giardia lamblia in 17.6%, Entrobius vermicularis plus Cryptospordium parvum in 11.8%, Entamoeba histolytica plus Hymenolepis nana in 11.85%, Ascaris lumbricoides plus Entamaobea histolytica in 17.6%, Giardia lamblia plus Entamoeba histolytica in 11.8%. Parasitic infection was more prevalent in rural areas 60% than urban 30%. Parasitic infection was more prevalent in boys 53.8% than girls 46.2%. Tere was signifcant increase of recurrent abdominal pain, dysentery, vomiting, diarrhea, peri-anal itching and pallor in infected students when compared to non infected students. Conclusion: Te present study highlighted on prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in children in Aswan Governorate, Egypt and provided that, the intestinal parasitic infections are a public health problem and there is an urgent need for efforts towards ensuring adequate control of intestinal parasites in Aswan Governorate and preventive measured to be re-established especially in children of school age.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may lead to severe long-term health consequences, such as renal failure, blindness, as well as heart and cerebrovascular disease. Although a direct relationship between blood glucose control and diabetes complications remains to be established beyond doubt, most diabetologists aim to achieve the best possible glucose control in their patients with T1DM. The aim of this study was to detect the predictors of glycemic control among children with T1DM in Assiut Governorate-Egypt. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 415 children aged 2 to 18 years with type 1 diabetes of >1-year duration. They were subjected to full history including demographic factors and disease-related factors. Examination was done with determination of the body mass index, and assessment of stage of maturity. Investigations included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile. Patients with HbA1c above the recommended values for age by the American Diabetes Association were considered as poor glycemic control group. Results: Of the studied cases, 190 cases (45.8%) were of poor glycemic control. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean age (16.83 ± 3.3 vs 9.77 ± 3.7, P0.000). Girls aged 15 years or more had significantly higher prevalence of poor glycemic control than males of the same age group. As regard the disease-related factors, patients with poor control had significantly longer duration of disease (7.94 ± 2.6 vs 2.40 ± 2.0, P0.000) and were older in age at onset of disease. Insulin regimen which consists of basal bolus insulin plus three injections of regular insulin was associated with more frequency of good glycemic control than other regimens. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than patients with good control. Adjusting for other variables, age of the patients, duration of disease, and serum TG level were significant independent risk factors of poor glycemic control. Conclusions: This study concluded that children more than 15 years, duration of disease more than 5 years, and high serum TG level are the predictors of poor glycemic control of children with T1DM in Assiut-Egypt. Pediatricians need to be aware of factors associated with poor glycemic control in children with T1DM, so that more effective measures can be implemented to prevent deterioration in diabetes control.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may lead to severe long-term health consequences, such as renal failure, blindness, as well as heart and cerebrovascular disease. Although a direct relationship between blood glucose control and diabetes complications remains to be established beyond doubt, most diabetologists aim to achieve the best possible glucose control in their patients with T1DM. The aim of this study was to detect the predictors of glycemic control among children with T1DM in Assiut Governorate-Egypt. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 415 children aged 2 to 18 years with type 1 diabetes of >1-year duration. They were subjected to full history including demographic factors and disease-related factors. Examination was done with determination of the body mass index, and assessment of stage of maturity. Investigations included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile. Patients with HbA1c above the recommended values for age by the American Diabetes Association were considered as poor glycemic control group. Results: Of the studied cases, 190 cases (45.8%) were of poor glycemic control. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean age (16.83 ± 3.3 vs 9.77 ± 3.7, P0.000). Girls aged 15 years or more had significantly higher prevalence of poor glycemic control than males of the same age group. As regard the disease-related factors, patients with poor control had significantly longer duration of disease (7.94 ± 2.6 vs 2.40 ± 2.0, P0.000) and were older in age at onset of disease. Insulin regimen which consists of basal bolus insulin plus three injections of regular insulin was associated with more frequency of good glycemic control than other regimens. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than patients with good control. Adjusting for other variables, age of the patients, duration of disease, and serum TG level were significant independent risk factors of poor glycemic control. Conclusions: This study concluded that children more than 15 years, duration of disease more than 5 years, and high serum TG level are the predictors of poor glycemic control of children with T1DM in Assiut-Egypt. Pediatricians need to be aware of factors associated with poor glycemic control in children with T1DM, so that more effective measures can be implemented to prevent deterioration in diabetes control.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may lead to severe long-term health consequences, such as renal failure, blindness, as well as heart and cerebrovascular disease. Although a direct relationship between blood glucose control and diabetes complications remains to be established beyond doubt, most diabetologists aim to achieve the best possible glucose control in their patients with T1DM. The aim of this study was to detect the predictors of glycemic control among children with T1DM in Assiut Governorate-Egypt. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 415 children aged 2 to 18 years with type 1 diabetes of >1-year duration. They were subjected to full history including demographic factors and disease-related factors. Examination was done with determination of the body mass index, and assessment of stage of maturity. Investigations included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile. Patients with HbA1c above the recommended values for age by the American Diabetes Association were considered as poor glycemic control group. Results: Of the studied cases, 190 cases (45.8%) were of poor glycemic control. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean age (16.83 ± 3.3 vs 9.77 ± 3.7, P0.000). Girls aged 15 years or more had significantly higher prevalence of poor glycemic control than males of the same age group. As regard the disease-related factors, patients with poor control had significantly longer duration of disease (7.94 ± 2.6 vs 2.40 ± 2.0, P0.000) and were older in age at onset of disease. Insulin regimen which consists of basal bolus insulin plus three injections of regular insulin was associated with more frequency of good glycemic control than other regimens. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than patients with good control. Adjusting for other variables, age of the patients, duration of disease, and serum TG level were significant independent risk factors of poor glycemic control. Conclusions: This study concluded that children more than 15 years, duration of disease more than 5 years, and high serum TG level are the predictors of poor glycemic control of children with T1DM in Assiut-Egypt. Pediatricians need to be aware of factors associated with poor glycemic control in children with T1DM, so that more effective measures can be implemented to prevent deterioration in diabetes control.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may lead to severe long-term health consequences, such as renal failure, blindness, as well as heart and cerebrovascular disease. Although a direct relationship between blood glucose control and diabetes complications remains to be established beyond doubt, most diabetologists aim to achieve the best possible glucose control in their patients with T1DM. The aim of this study was to detect the predictors of glycemic control among children with T1DM in Assiut Governorate-Egypt. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 415 children aged 2 to 18 years with type 1 diabetes of >1-year duration. They were subjected to full history including demographic factors and disease-related factors. Examination was done with determination of the body mass index, and assessment of stage of maturity. Investigations included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile. Patients with HbA1c above the recommended values for age by the American Diabetes Association were considered as poor glycemic control group. Results: Of the studied cases, 190 cases (45.8%) were of poor glycemic control. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean age (16.83 ± 3.3 vs 9.77 ± 3.7, P0.000). Girls aged 15 years or more had significantly higher prevalence of poor glycemic control than males of the same age group. As regard the disease-related factors, patients with poor control had significantly longer duration of disease (7.94 ± 2.6 vs 2.40 ± 2.0, P0.000) and were older in age at onset of disease. Insulin regimen which consists of basal bolus insulin plus three injections of regular insulin was associated with more frequency of good glycemic control than other regimens. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than patients with good control. Adjusting for other variables, age of the patients, duration of disease, and serum TG level were significant independent risk factors of poor glycemic control. Conclusions: This study concluded that children more than 15 years, duration of disease more than 5 years, and high serum TG level are the predictors of poor glycemic control of children with T1DM in Assiut-Egypt. Pediatricians need to be aware of factors associated with poor glycemic control in children with T1DM, so that more effective measures can be implemented to prevent deterioration in diabetes control.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may lead to severe long-term health consequences, such as renal failure, blindness, as well as heart and cerebrovascular disease. Although a direct relationship between blood glucose control and diabetes complications remains to be established beyond doubt, most diabetologists aim to achieve the best possible glucose control in their patients with T1DM. The aim of this study was to detect the predictors of glycemic control among children with T1DM in Assiut Governorate-Egypt. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 415 children aged 2 to 18 years with type 1 diabetes of >1-year duration. They were subjected to full history including demographic factors and disease-related factors. Examination was done with determination of the body mass index, and assessment of stage of maturity. Investigations included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile. Patients with HbA1c above the recommended values for age by the American Diabetes Association were considered as poor glycemic control group. Results: Of the studied cases, 190 cases (45.8%) were of poor glycemic control. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean age (16.83 ± 3.3 vs 9.77 ± 3.7, P0.000). Girls aged 15 years or more had significantly higher prevalence of poor glycemic control than males of the same age group. As regard the disease-related factors, patients with poor control had significantly longer duration of disease (7.94 ± 2.6 vs 2.40 ± 2.0, P0.000) and were older in age at onset of disease. Insulin regimen which consists of basal bolus insulin plus three injections of regular insulin was associated with more frequency of good glycemic control than other regimens. Patients with poor control had significantly higher mean of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than patients with good control. Adjusting for other variables, age of the patients, duration of disease, and serum TG level were significant independent risk factors of poor glycemic control. Conclusions: This study concluded that children more than 15 years, duration of disease more than 5 years, and high serum TG level are the predictors of poor glycemic control of children with T1DM in Assiut-Egypt. Pediatricians need to be aware of factors associated with poor glycemic control in children with T1DM, so that more effective measures can be implemented to prevent deterioration in diabetes control.

This cross sectional study was done in aswan Governorate to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and to identify the risk factors for infection in primary school children in this geographical area. The results will facilitate evaluation of the endemic level of different intestinal parasites and the determination of whether widespread or focal measures of parasite control are required. After obtaining official permission from the school administration, information and consent forms were prepared and given to the parents of all the study participants. three-hundreds children aged between 6-12 year were enrolled; a detailed questionnaire, complete clinical assessment complete as well as stool analysis was done The study revealed that Prevalence of parasitic infection was 31%. Single parasitic infection in 26% and mixed infection in 5%.The commonest helminthic infection was. E vermicularis 6.6% followed by H.nana 3% Ascaris 1%. The commonest protozol infection was E.histolytica 8.3% followed by Giardia 3.7% and Cryptosporidium 1.7% Mixed infection was in form of E vermicularis plus E.histolytica in 23.4%, E vermicularis plus Giardia in 17.6%, E vermicularis plus Cryptospordium in 11.8%, E.histolytica plus H nana in 11.85%, Ascaris plus E. histolytica in 17.6%%, Giardia plus E. histolytica in 11.8%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in boys 53.8% than girls 46.2%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in rural children 39.73% than urban children 20.13%. Age ranged from 6 to 12 years with a mean of 8.97±1.72 years.

This cross sectional study was done in aswan Governorate to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and to identify the risk factors for infection in primary school children in this geographical area. The results will facilitate evaluation of the endemic level of different intestinal parasites and the determination of whether widespread or focal measures of parasite control are required. After obtaining official permission from the school administration, information and consent forms were prepared and given to the parents of all the study participants. three-hundreds children aged between 6-12 year were enrolled; a detailed questionnaire, complete clinical assessment complete as well as stool analysis was done The study revealed that Prevalence of parasitic infection was 31%. Single parasitic infection in 26% and mixed infection in 5%.The commonest helminthic infection was. E vermicularis 6.6% followed by H.nana 3% Ascaris 1%. The commonest protozol infection was E.histolytica 8.3% followed by Giardia 3.7% and Cryptosporidium 1.7% Mixed infection was in form of E vermicularis plus E.histolytica in 23.4%, E vermicularis plus Giardia in 17.6%, E vermicularis plus Cryptospordium in 11.8%, E.histolytica plus H nana in 11.85%, Ascaris plus E. histolytica in 17.6%%, Giardia plus E. histolytica in 11.8%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in boys 53.8% than girls 46.2%. Parasitic infestation was more prevalent in rural children 39.73% than urban children 20.13%. Age ranged from 6 to 12 years with a mean of 8.97±1.72 years.