Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Muscle spindles are spe-cialized sensory receptors in the skele-tal muscle that respond to changes in muscle length and tension. Aim of the work: The aim of the present work is to compare the postnatal developmen-tal changes in the rat muscle spindles of masseter versus gastrocnemius. Ma-terial and Methods: 30 albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into 5 postnatal age groups, six animals in each group: newborn, 3 days, 6 days, 12 days and adults. Mus-cles were processed, and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (Hx&E), and Van Gieson's stains. Morphometric measurements were done and statisti-cally analyzed for the studied groups. Distribution maps of location of spin-dles were drawn. Results: The spindle contains 2 intrafusal fibers at birth. This number is increased with age till reached 4-6 fibers at age of 6 days then does not change up to adult age. Both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers are seen at all ages except at newborn where nuclear bag fibers are present alone. At birth, a thin incom-plete connective tissue capsule sur-rounds the spindle and is composed of 1-2 layers, located only in equatorial zone of spindles. With advance of age, capsule is increased in thickness, be-comes multilayered and extends to-wards polar regions of the spindles. A narrow capsular space is seen in the equatorial region of the newborn and becomes wider with older ages. Spin-dle morphometric values of masseter are significantly higher than that of gastrocnemius. Spindle maps show single spindles or as units located in deep part of both muscles near their nerve supply. Statistically significant increase with age advance is found in the spindle length, equatorial diameter of spindles, spindle area, and the whole muscle area. Notably, the num-ber of spindles is not changed, and the ratio of spindle area to muscle area decreases with age. Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences between the spindles in masseter mus-cle that is supplied by a cranial nerve and gastrocnemius muscle that is sup-plied by a spinal nerve. These differ-ences may be explained by the diverse functional roles of these muscles and their different embryological origins.

Background: Muscle spindles are spe-cialized sensory receptors in the skele-tal muscle that respond to changes in muscle length and tension. Aim of the work: The aim of the present work is to compare the postnatal developmen-tal changes in the rat muscle spindles of masseter versus gastrocnemius. Ma-terial and Methods: 30 albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into 5 postnatal age groups, six animals in each group: newborn, 3 days, 6 days, 12 days and adults. Mus-cles were processed, and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (Hx&E), and Van Gieson's stains. Morphometric measurements were done and statisti-cally analyzed for the studied groups. Distribution maps of location of spin-dles were drawn. Results: The spindle contains 2 intrafusal fibers at birth. This number is increased with age till reached 4-6 fibers at age of 6 days then does not change up to adult age. Both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers are seen at all ages except at newborn where nuclear bag fibers are present alone. At birth, a thin incom-plete connective tissue capsule sur-rounds the spindle and is composed of 1-2 layers, located only in equatorial zone of spindles. With advance of age, capsule is increased in thickness, be-comes multilayered and extends to-wards polar regions of the spindles. A narrow capsular space is seen in the equatorial region of the newborn and becomes wider with older ages. Spin-dle morphometric values of masseter are significantly higher than that of gastrocnemius. Spindle maps show single spindles or as units located in deep part of both muscles near their nerve supply. Statistically significant increase with age advance is found in the spindle length, equatorial diameter of spindles, spindle area, and the whole muscle area. Notably, the num-ber of spindles is not changed, and the ratio of spindle area to muscle area decreases with age. Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences between the spindles in masseter mus-cle that is supplied by a cranial nerve and gastrocnemius muscle that is sup-plied by a spinal nerve. These differ-ences may be explained by the diverse functional roles of these muscles and their different embryological origins.

Background: Muscle spindles are spe-cialized sensory receptors in the skele-tal muscle that respond to changes in muscle length and tension. Aim of the work: The aim of the present work is to compare the postnatal developmen-tal changes in the rat muscle spindles of masseter versus gastrocnemius. Ma-terial and Methods: 30 albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into 5 postnatal age groups, six animals in each group: newborn, 3 days, 6 days, 12 days and adults. Mus-cles were processed, and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (Hx&E), and Van Gieson's stains. Morphometric measurements were done and statisti-cally analyzed for the studied groups. Distribution maps of location of spin-dles were drawn. Results: The spindle contains 2 intrafusal fibers at birth. This number is increased with age till reached 4-6 fibers at age of 6 days then does not change up to adult age. Both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers are seen at all ages except at newborn where nuclear bag fibers are present alone. At birth, a thin incom-plete connective tissue capsule sur-rounds the spindle and is composed of 1-2 layers, located only in equatorial zone of spindles. With advance of age, capsule is increased in thickness, be-comes multilayered and extends to-wards polar regions of the spindles. A narrow capsular space is seen in the equatorial region of the newborn and becomes wider with older ages. Spin-dle morphometric values of masseter are significantly higher than that of gastrocnemius. Spindle maps show single spindles or as units located in deep part of both muscles near their nerve supply. Statistically significant increase with age advance is found in the spindle length, equatorial diameter of spindles, spindle area, and the whole muscle area. Notably, the num-ber of spindles is not changed, and the ratio of spindle area to muscle area decreases with age. Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences between the spindles in masseter mus-cle that is supplied by a cranial nerve and gastrocnemius muscle that is sup-plied by a spinal nerve. These differ-ences may be explained by the diverse functional roles of these muscles and their different embryological origins.

Abstract Background: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a regulatory enzyme of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Point mutation in MTHFR and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in many ethnic groups. The aim of this study is to find if MTHFR C677T polymorphism is a risk factor of DN in types 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Patients and methods: The MTHFR C677T polymorphism was detected in 100 T2DM patients by PCR-RFLP. They were divided into three groups; 38 patients with normoalbuminuria, 33 patients with microalbuminuria and 29 patients with macroalbuminuria. Serum levels of homocysteine were determined by nephelometry. Results: The presence of MTHFR 677T allele increases the risk of macroalbuminuria 3.3 folds (p=0.009) in T2DM patients. The presence of mutant genotypes CT and TT increase the risk of macroalbuminuria 3 folds (p=0.019). Serum levels of HCY were associated with C677T mutation (p=0.02), also there was significant association between high levels of HCY and DN (p=0.014). Conclusion: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene mutation was associated with increased risk for overt diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients and had effect on serum levels of homocysteine.

ABSTRACT TNF– α directly damages the vascular endothelial cells, reduces regional blood flow, causes occlusion of vessels and increases endothelial permeability. Endothelial cell injury after TNF– α mediated activation of immune system may result in secretion of vasoactive substances and increase in vascular permeability and intravascular coagulation. TNF-α may be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and may identify the patients who are at high risk of PE and can be a potential marker of the severity of the preeclamptic syndrome. Preeclamptic women had deranged lipid profile due to abnormal lipid metabolism; this alteration of lipid metabolism may play a key role in the development of symptoms of Pre-eclampsia. Furthermore, changes in lipid metabolism may contribute towards the endothelial lesions observed in pre-eclampsia.

Objectives: Recently, hyperactivation of the Wnt signaling pathway has been implicated in leukomogenesis, so we studied the epigenetic dysfunction of SFRP1,2 and expression of interleukin2 receptor α chain (IL2Rα, also known as CD25) and its prognostic impact in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Methods: We studied the methylation profile of SFRP1,2 in AML cells by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and the hyper expression of IL2Rα (CD25) by flowcytometry. Results: We analyzed the methylation profile of SFRP1,2 in 40 de novo AML patients. The percentage of hypermethylation in the patient samples were 37.5% for SFRP1, 12.5% for SFRP2. CD25 was positive in 12(30%) of 40 patients AML. We found that in patients whom 60 years and younger with intermediate risk cytogenetics in de novo AML, hypermethylation of SFRP1 and CD25 were accompanied with relapse (P=0.024). Conclusion: Our data indicates that in a subgroup of AML patients, hypermethylation of SFRP1 and high expression of CD25 predict relapse.