Introduction: Sleep occupies almost a third of our life and thus is an important aspect of our life. It is essential to physical and mental growth and stability. Deprivation of sleep not only weakens physical and mental functions, lowers work productivity also could cause mental problems. Aim of the study: To describe sleep characteristics and sleep disturbances among female students in practical faculties of Assiut University in Egypt. Subjects and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 306 female students in Assiut University in Upper Egypt. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: About 61% of the students slept about 6-8 hours per night, whereas 24.2% of them slept > 8 hours per night. Intermittent sleep was reported in 37.9% of them and 70% had daytime naps. 43.1% spent a long time to fall asleep. Intermittent sleep was significantly associated with residing in university hostels (P =0.025), short sleep time (6 hours) (P = 0.002), spending long time to fall asleep (P 0.001) , presence of headache (P = 0.013), bad appetite (P = 0.001) and disturbed bowel habits (P = 0.030). Conclusion: Raising the awareness about good sleep quality by multidisciplinary approach is recommended.

Background: Epilepsy is very prevalent in Egypt, approaching 6.98 per 1000 population. This study was designed to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards epilepsy among guardians of Egyptian high school students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was made among guardians (parents/guardians) of high school students in Assiut city, Egypt. A 15-item questionnaire was self-administered by 1257 students guardians who were randomly selected. Results: All recruited parents/guardians of high school students had heard about epilepsy. Families with a patient with epilepsy (PWE) had significantly better information about epilepsy and its aetiology than other families. The predictors of negative attitudes towards PWE were: age group ranging from 40 to 49 years, no work, skilled work, male sex and incorrect knowledge. Conclusion: Having a patient with epilepsy is a predictor to having greater knowledge and a better attitude towards epilepsy. However, people still have a concept that PWE are stigmatized and are different from others. Raising awareness about epilepsy and its aetiology will increase the knowledge and improve the attitudes towards PWE.

Background: Epilepsy is very prevalent in Egypt, approaching 6.98 per 1000 population. This study was designed to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards epilepsy among guardians of Egyptian high school students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was made among guardians (parents/guardians) of high school students in Assiut city, Egypt. A 15-item questionnaire was self-administered by 1257 students guardians who were randomly selected. Results: All recruited parents/guardians of high school students had heard about epilepsy. Families with a patient with epilepsy (PWE) had significantly better information about epilepsy and its aetiology than other families. The predictors of negative attitudes towards PWE were: age group ranging from 40 to 49 years, no work, skilled work, male sex and incorrect knowledge. Conclusion: Having a patient with epilepsy is a predictor to having greater knowledge and a better attitude towards epilepsy. However, people still have a concept that PWE are stigmatized and are different from others. Raising awareness about epilepsy and its aetiology will increase the knowledge and improve the attitudes towards PWE.

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease compared to female breast cancer (FBC). It accounts less than 1% of all breast cancer and less than 1% of all men cancer. Male patients with breast cancer are treated according to treatment guidelines of FBC specifically the guidelines of post-menopausal FBC based on the high expression of estrogen receptor (ER) which found in the tumor of MBC and post-menopausal FBC patients and low estrogen expression in their bodies. In this retrospective study, we aimed to compare MBC to FBC to understand the biological behavior of MBC and the outcome of this disease. Patients and methods Patients diagnosed between 2005-2012 with breast cancer were included in this study, their number was 477 cases. Patients were classified according to sex into male (number=17) and female (number=460) breast cancer. We compared the incidence, tumor characters, adjuvant treatment, the 5-years disease free survival (DFS), and Overall survival (OS) of MBC to FBC. Results MBC cases were 3.6% compared to 96.4% FBC cases which were highly significant. As regarding to the stage of the tumor at diagnosis, no differences were seen between MBC and FBC, 82.4%stage I & II for MBC versus 77.4% for FBC and 17.3% stage III & IV for MBC versus 22.6% for FBC. No significant difference between MBC and FBC as regarding the type of pathology, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was found in 5.9% versus 1.3%, invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was found in 94.1% versus 96.7%, and invasive lobular carcinoma was found in 2% of FBC only. Most of patients expressed positive estrogen receptor (ER), 88.2% for MBC versus 75% in FBC (P0.04) while 70.6% of MBC were progesterone receptor (PR) positive versus 71.1% in FBC. As regarding to HER2/neu status 23.5% was positive in MBC versus 66.7% positive in FBC (P0.04). According to adjuvant treatment there were significant differences between MBC and FBC. There was no difference between MBC and FBC as regarding DFS. The median DFS was 3.9 years for FBC versus 3.4 years for MBC. In term of OS, the MBC had poor OS compared to FBC. Conclusion MBC outcome was inferior compared to FBC that may be due to the differences in the biological behavior of MBC. More studies are needed for further understand the differences between MBC and FBC. [Rehab F Mohamed. Comparison between Male Breast Cancer and Female Breast Cancer, Retrospective Study. Cancer Biology 2017;7(3):21-25]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online).

Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous subtypes. The decisions of treatment depend on the tumor expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). These biomarkers have prognostic and predictive significances. Material and methods: 100 patients from 2008 to 2012 were identified and analyzed. Patients were classified into three hormonal receptors subtypes: ER-/PR+, ER+/PR±, and ER-/PR-. Analysis of the clinicopathological features, treatment, recurrence, survival rate and prognostic factor were compared. Results: The subtype ER-/PR+ was seen frequently in young age with large size tumor and lymph node metastasis, higher stage and histologic grade when compared with the other two subtypes. Analysis of the frequency of recurrence revealed that local recurrence, distant metastasis and number of deaths did not differ statistically and hence no difference in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The 5 years DFS was 37.5% , 20.3% and 21.7% in ER-/PR+ , ER+/PR± and ER-/PR- groups respectively. Conclusion & Recommendation: The breast cancer subtypes according to the ER and PR are biologically and clinically different groups. Assessment of PR is recommended as it can provide important prognostic information and prediction of response to adjuvant HT in ER- tumors.

Background: Muscle spindles are spe-cialized sensory receptors in the skele-tal muscle that respond to changes in muscle length and tension. Aim of the work: The aim of the present work is to compare the postnatal developmen-tal changes in the rat muscle spindles of masseter versus gastrocnemius. Ma-terial and Methods: 30 albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into 5 postnatal age groups, six animals in each group: newborn, 3 days, 6 days, 12 days and adults. Mus-cles were processed, and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (Hx&E), and Van Gieson's stains. Morphometric measurements were done and statisti-cally analyzed for the studied groups. Distribution maps of location of spin-dles were drawn. Results: The spindle contains 2 intrafusal fibers at birth. This number is increased with age till reached 4-6 fibers at age of 6 days then does not change up to adult age. Both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers are seen at all ages except at newborn where nuclear bag fibers are present alone. At birth, a thin incom-plete connective tissue capsule sur-rounds the spindle and is composed of 1-2 layers, located only in equatorial zone of spindles. With advance of age, capsule is increased in thickness, be-comes multilayered and extends to-wards polar regions of the spindles. A narrow capsular space is seen in the equatorial region of the newborn and becomes wider with older ages. Spin-dle morphometric values of masseter are significantly higher than that of gastrocnemius. Spindle maps show single spindles or as units located in deep part of both muscles near their nerve supply. Statistically significant increase with age advance is found in the spindle length, equatorial diameter of spindles, spindle area, and the whole muscle area. Notably, the num-ber of spindles is not changed, and the ratio of spindle area to muscle area decreases with age. Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences between the spindles in masseter mus-cle that is supplied by a cranial nerve and gastrocnemius muscle that is sup-plied by a spinal nerve. These differ-ences may be explained by the diverse functional roles of these muscles and their different embryological origins.

Background: Muscle spindles are spe-cialized sensory receptors in the skele-tal muscle that respond to changes in muscle length and tension. Aim of the work: The aim of the present work is to compare the postnatal developmen-tal changes in the rat muscle spindles of masseter versus gastrocnemius. Ma-terial and Methods: 30 albino rats were used in this study. They were divided into 5 postnatal age groups, six animals in each group: newborn, 3 days, 6 days, 12 days and adults. Mus-cles were processed, and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (Hx&E), and Van Gieson's stains. Morphometric measurements were done and statisti-cally analyzed for the studied groups. Distribution maps of location of spin-dles were drawn. Results: The spindle contains 2 intrafusal fibers at birth. This number is increased with age till reached 4-6 fibers at age of 6 days then does not change up to adult age. Both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers are seen at all ages except at newborn where nuclear bag fibers are present alone. At birth, a thin incom-plete connective tissue capsule sur-rounds the spindle and is composed of 1-2 layers, located only in equatorial zone of spindles. With advance of age, capsule is increased in thickness, be-comes multilayered and extends to-wards polar regions of the spindles. A narrow capsular space is seen in the equatorial region of the newborn and becomes wider with older ages. Spin-dle morphometric values of masseter are significantly higher than that of gastrocnemius. Spindle maps show single spindles or as units located in deep part of both muscles near their nerve supply. Statistically significant increase with age advance is found in the spindle length, equatorial diameter of spindles, spindle area, and the whole muscle area. Notably, the num-ber of spindles is not changed, and the ratio of spindle area to muscle area decreases with age. Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences between the spindles in masseter mus-cle that is supplied by a cranial nerve and gastrocnemius muscle that is sup-plied by a spinal nerve. These differ-ences may be explained by the diverse functional roles of these muscles and their different embryological origins.