Introduction: Psychic anuria is an old term, referring to a very rare psycho-urological event that has scarcely been studied so far. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of the patients with psychic anuria presented to Assiut Urology and Nephrology Hospital during the period July 1991–June 2016 was done. Psychic anuria was defined, and the demographic and clinical characteristics including the methods of diagnosis and management were studied. Results: Of more than 3,800 cases of anuria, 9 female patients (0.24%) experienced psychic anuria in the age range of 17–43 years. Cardinal clinical findings included anuria for 36–72 h with absence of organic causes and normal renal function tests. Psychosocial risk factors were reported in the 9 cases. Anuria was documented by reliable history (56%) or observable urine collection (44%). Diagnosis was done by exclusion, where the investigations revealed no organic causes. Seven cases responded to the placebo intervention and 2 cases were self-limiting and resolved spontaneously. Conclusions: Psychic anuria is an extremely rare urological emergency that presents, mainly, in young adult females with unknown mechanisms. Renal vasoconstriction following psychosocial stressors is suggested. It is diagnosed by exclusion and resolves spontaneously or responds to placebo intervention as a mental distraction technique.

Introduction: Psychic anuria is an old term, referring to a very rare psycho-urological event that has scarcely been studied so far. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of the patients with psychic anuria presented to Assiut Urology and Nephrology Hospital during the period July 1991–June 2016 was done. Psychic anuria was defined, and the demographic and clinical characteristics including the methods of diagnosis and management were studied. Results: Of more than 3,800 cases of anuria, 9 female patients (0.24%) experienced psychic anuria in the age range of 17–43 years. Cardinal clinical findings included anuria for 36–72 h with absence of organic causes and normal renal function tests. Psychosocial risk factors were reported in the 9 cases. Anuria was documented by reliable history (56%) or observable urine collection (44%). Diagnosis was done by exclusion, where the investigations revealed no organic causes. Seven cases responded to the placebo intervention and 2 cases were self-limiting and resolved spontaneously. Conclusions: Psychic anuria is an extremely rare urological emergency that presents, mainly, in young adult females with unknown mechanisms. Renal vasoconstriction following psychosocial stressors is suggested. It is diagnosed by exclusion and resolves spontaneously or responds to placebo intervention as a mental distraction technique.

Water is the principal transmission route for Cryptosporidium spp; most of the outbreaks are mainly the result of infected water consumption. The study was designed to identify the prevalence and viability of Cryptosporidium spp in the drinking water supply of Assiut university hospitals. Also, analyze places, and origin of contamination, using flow cytometry and conventional staining techniques during winter/summer seasons. Water samples covering university hospitals drinking water supply inlet, tanks, and outlets were collected throughout winter and summer. Samples were subjected to filtration, elution, and concentration. The diagnosis was completed using modified acid-faststaining, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) techniques and flow cytometry. Nested PCR was employed for Cryptosporidium spp characterization. About 79% of the analyzed specimens were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Significant seasonal variation was identified as oocysts were more dominant in winter (87.5%) than in summer (70.8%), but the intensity of water contamination was greater in summer. Hospitals water inlets supplied from the local water plant were oocysts polluted, but with a lesser intensity than hospitals water tanks and outlets. It is confirmed that hospitals receive contaminated drinking water from the water plant; however, the tanks and pipes become extra polluted with additional domestic sources. The seasonal prevalence in drinking water system is the mirror of the ecological factors that should be audited to obtain an efficient control policy. Consequently, tracking the origins of infection using the flow cytometry technique will provide experts with further information to combat the Cryptosporidium water pollution. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS... (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323907675_CRYPTOSPORIDIUM_PARVUM_OOCYSTS_CONTAMINATING_ASSIUT_UNIVERSITY_HOSPITALS_DRINKING_WATER_SUPPLY_USING_DIFFERENT_TECHNIQUES_DURING_WINTERSUMMER_SEASON [accessed Jun 24 2018].

Water is the principal transmission route for Cryptosporidium spp; most of the outbreaks are mainly the result of infected water consumption. The study was designed to identify the prevalence and viability of Cryptosporidium spp in the drinking water supply of Assiut university hospitals. Also, analyze places, and origin of contamination, using flow cytometry and conventional staining techniques during winter/summer seasons. Water samples covering university hospitals drinking water supply inlet, tanks, and outlets were collected throughout winter and summer. Samples were subjected to filtration, elution, and concentration. The diagnosis was completed using modified acid-faststaining, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) techniques and flow cytometry. Nested PCR was employed for Cryptosporidium spp characterization. About 79% of the analyzed specimens were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Significant seasonal variation was identified as oocysts were more dominant in winter (87.5%) than in summer (70.8%), but the intensity of water contamination was greater in summer. Hospitals water inlets supplied from the local water plant were oocysts polluted, but with a lesser intensity than hospitals water tanks and outlets. It is confirmed that hospitals receive contaminated drinking water from the water plant; however, the tanks and pipes become extra polluted with additional domestic sources. The seasonal prevalence in drinking water system is the mirror of the ecological factors that should be audited to obtain an efficient control policy. Consequently, tracking the origins of infection using the flow cytometry technique will provide experts with further information to combat the Cryptosporidium water pollution. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS... (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323907675_CRYPTOSPORIDIUM_PARVUM_OOCYSTS_CONTAMINATING_ASSIUT_UNIVERSITY_HOSPITALS_DRINKING_WATER_SUPPLY_USING_DIFFERENT_TECHNIQUES_DURING_WINTERSUMMER_SEASON [accessed Jun 24 2018].

Water is the principal transmission route for Cryptosporidium spp; most of the outbreaks are mainly the result of infected water consumption. The study was designed to identify the prevalence and viability of Cryptosporidium spp in the drinking water supply of Assiut university hospitals. Also, analyze places, and origin of contamination, using flow cytometry and conventional staining techniques during winter/summer seasons. Water samples covering university hospitals drinking water supply inlet, tanks, and outlets were collected throughout winter and summer. Samples were subjected to filtration, elution, and concentration. The diagnosis was completed using modified acid-faststaining, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) techniques and flow cytometry. Nested PCR was employed for Cryptosporidium spp characterization. About 79% of the analyzed specimens were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Significant seasonal variation was identified as oocysts were more dominant in winter (87.5%) than in summer (70.8%), but the intensity of water contamination was greater in summer. Hospitals water inlets supplied from the local water plant were oocysts polluted, but with a lesser intensity than hospitals water tanks and outlets. It is confirmed that hospitals receive contaminated drinking water from the water plant; however, the tanks and pipes become extra polluted with additional domestic sources. The seasonal prevalence in drinking water system is the mirror of the ecological factors that should be audited to obtain an efficient control policy. Consequently, tracking the origins of infection using the flow cytometry technique will provide experts with further information to combat the Cryptosporidium water pollution. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS... (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323907675_CRYPTOSPORIDIUM_PARVUM_OOCYSTS_CONTAMINATING_ASSIUT_UNIVERSITY_HOSPITALS_DRINKING_WATER_SUPPLY_USING_DIFFERENT_TECHNIQUES_DURING_WINTERSUMMER_SEASON [accessed Jun 24 2018].

Water is the principal transmission route for Cryptosporidium spp; most of the outbreaks are mainly the result of infected water consumption. The study was designed to identify the prevalence and viability of Cryptosporidium spp in the drinking water supply of Assiut university hospitals. Also, analyze places, and origin of contamination, using flow cytometry and conventional staining techniques during winter/summer seasons. Water samples covering university hospitals drinking water supply inlet, tanks, and outlets were collected throughout winter and summer. Samples were subjected to filtration, elution, and concentration. The diagnosis was completed using modified acid-faststaining, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) techniques and flow cytometry. Nested PCR was employed for Cryptosporidium spp characterization. About 79% of the analyzed specimens were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Significant seasonal variation was identified as oocysts were more dominant in winter (87.5%) than in summer (70.8%), but the intensity of water contamination was greater in summer. Hospitals water inlets supplied from the local water plant were oocysts polluted, but with a lesser intensity than hospitals water tanks and outlets. It is confirmed that hospitals receive contaminated drinking water from the water plant; however, the tanks and pipes become extra polluted with additional domestic sources. The seasonal prevalence in drinking water system is the mirror of the ecological factors that should be audited to obtain an efficient control policy. Consequently, tracking the origins of infection using the flow cytometry technique will provide experts with further information to combat the Cryptosporidium water pollution. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS... (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323907675_CRYPTOSPORIDIUM_PARVUM_OOCYSTS_CONTAMINATING_ASSIUT_UNIVERSITY_HOSPITALS_DRINKING_WATER_SUPPLY_USING_DIFFERENT_TECHNIQUES_DURING_WINTERSUMMER_SEASON [accessed Jun 24 2018].

Water is the principal transmission route for Cryptosporidium spp; most of the outbreaks are mainly the result of infected water consumption. The study was designed to identify the prevalence and viability of Cryptosporidium spp in the drinking water supply of Assiut university hospitals. Also, analyze places, and origin of contamination, using flow cytometry and conventional staining techniques during winter/summer seasons. Water samples covering university hospitals drinking water supply inlet, tanks, and outlets were collected throughout winter and summer. Samples were subjected to filtration, elution, and concentration. The diagnosis was completed using modified acid-faststaining, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) techniques and flow cytometry. Nested PCR was employed for Cryptosporidium spp characterization. About 79% of the analyzed specimens were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Significant seasonal variation was identified as oocysts were more dominant in winter (87.5%) than in summer (70.8%), but the intensity of water contamination was greater in summer. Hospitals water inlets supplied from the local water plant were oocysts polluted, but with a lesser intensity than hospitals water tanks and outlets. It is confirmed that hospitals receive contaminated drinking water from the water plant; however, the tanks and pipes become extra polluted with additional domestic sources. The seasonal prevalence in drinking water system is the mirror of the ecological factors that should be audited to obtain an efficient control policy. Consequently, tracking the origins of infection using the flow cytometry technique will provide experts with further information to combat the Cryptosporidium water pollution. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS... (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323907675_CRYPTOSPORIDIUM_PARVUM_OOCYSTS_CONTAMINATING_ASSIUT_UNIVERSITY_HOSPITALS_DRINKING_WATER_SUPPLY_USING_DIFFERENT_TECHNIQUES_DURING_WINTERSUMMER_SEASON [accessed Jun 24 2018].

Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite which causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and a variety of other mammalian species. Several studies have reported different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence among Cryptosporidium species and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. The study aimed to investigate infectivity and virulence of two Cryptosporidium parvum “Iowa isolate” (CpI) and a “local water isolate” (CpW).Thirty-three Swiss albino mice have been divided into three groups: Negative control Group (C), the CpI group infected with “Iowa isolate “and the CpW group infected with C. parvum oocysts isolated from a local water supply. Infectivity and virulence have been measured by evaluating clinical, parasitological and histological aspects of infection. Significant differences were detected regarding oocysts shedding rate, clinical outcomes, and the histopathological picture of the intestine, lung, and brain. It was concluded that the local water isolate is significantly more virulent than the exported one. Key words: Cryptosporidium parvum, isolates, infectivity, vi

Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite which causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and a variety of other mammalian species. Several studies have reported different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence among Cryptosporidium species and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. The study aimed to investigate infectivity and virulence of two Cryptosporidium parvum “Iowa isolate” (CpI) and a “local water isolate” (CpW).Thirty-three Swiss albino mice have been divided into three groups: Negative control Group (C), the CpI group infected with “Iowa isolate “and the CpW group infected with C. parvum oocysts isolated from a local water supply. Infectivity and virulence have been measured by evaluating clinical, parasitological and histological aspects of infection. Significant differences were detected regarding oocysts shedding rate, clinical outcomes, and the histopathological picture of the intestine, lung, and brain. It was concluded that the local water isolate is significantly more virulent than the exported one. Key words: Cryptosporidium parvum, isolates, infectivity, vi

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