Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has variable clinical presentations, and molecular and biological prognostic markers. The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) play an important role in trafficking of lymphocytes and monocytes. The aim was to study lymphocyte expression of CXCR4 and its prognostic value in CLL. A case control study was carried out on 30 newly diagnosed CLL cases and 30 healthy controls. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) was the standard treatment. Flowcytometric measurement of CXCR4 expression on lymphocytes was done. CXCR4 was significantly higher in patients than controls (81.67±17.95 vs. 11.78±2.78; P< 0.001). CXCR4 was significantly higher (P< 0.001) in high risk CLL (93.63±6.78) vs. intermediate risk (82.50±7.13) and low risk (75.84±12.23). CXCR4 was significantly higher (P< 0.001) in non-responders (91.63±6.98) vs. partial responders (83.11±5.55) and complete responders (70.11±4.44). CXCR4 was significantly lower in survivors vs. non-survivors (80.89±5.09 vs. 85.43±5.51; P< 0.001. CXCR4 had significant positive correlation with WBCs (r= 0.45, P= 0.01) and lymphocytes (r= 0.40, P= 0.01) measured at diagnosis. In conclusions, expression of CXCR4 in newly diagnosed CLL is significantly high. CXCR4 increased expression is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to the therapy. so it can be used as prognostic tool.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an acquired autoimmune disease resulting in the production of antibodies directed against the patient’s red blood cells (RBCs) causing destruction of red blood cells.T follicular helper (Tfh)  and T follicular regulatory cells (Tfr) perform opposing actions in regulating germinal center responses, the dysregulation of their actions may ultimately advance the development of autoimmune diseases. There is evidence indicates that patients with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic Lupus Erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, exhibit imbalance of T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells Aim: to study the characteristics of T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells and analysis of T follicular helper/ T follicular regulatory cells ratio in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Participants and methods: The study was carried out on 50 patients with Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (primary not on treatment) who presented to Assuit university hospital and 25 healthy age and sex-matched controls. We determined T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells expression by flowcytometry using monoclonal antibody CD3,CD4, CD185 , PD-1 and Foxp3. Results: Within the CD3⁺CD4⁺lymphocytes we gated on CXCR5⁺   T cells (CD185) ,we determined the fraction of PD-1⁺ FOXP3^- and PD-1⁺ FOXP3⁺ from peripheral blood in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia to analyse T follicular helper ( CD4⁺ CXCR5⁺PD1⁺ Foxp3^-) and T follicular regulatory  (CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD1⁺ Foxp3⁺) cells .There was statistically significant higher median expression level of Tfh (CD4⁺ CXCR5⁺PD1⁺ Foxp3^-) (26.70 vs 1.80 %), p <0.001 and lower median expression level of Tfr (CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD1⁺ Foxp3⁺) cells among cases compared to controls (1.87 vs 33.30 %),p <0.001 .There was statistically significant higher T follicular helper /T follicular regulatory cells ratio among cases compared to controls(15.19 vs 0.09), p <0.001. Conclusion:  Our results suggested that the increased T follicular helper cells and decreased T follicular regulatory cells may be involved in immunopathogenesis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.T follicular helper /T follicular regulatory cells ratio have the most important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Our results may provide new insight about the role of T follicular helper as a new cellular target in AIHA treatment.

Obesity is a serious health issue. As regard, the central nervous system, obesity induces neuronal damage. Vitamin D has well-known anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To detect if vitamin D protects against damage in the arcuate nucleus induced by a high fat-high fructose diet. Forty adult rats were used, and four groups were formed. Group I (negative control) kept on a standard chow diet for six weeks, Group II (positive control) received vitamin D orally once every other day for six weeks, Group III (high fat-high fructose treated group) was given high fat-high fructose diets for six weeks and Group IV (high fat-high fructose and vitamin D treated group) were given high fat-high fructose diets concomitantly with vitamin D for six weeks. High fat-high fructose diet markedly caused histological changes in arcuate neurons as nuclei appeared darkly stained and shrunken with condensed chromatin, and the …

Tebuconazole (TEB) is a common triazole sterol demethylation inhibitor fungicide utilized to manage a variety of diseases in crops like cereals, fruits, and vegetables. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of TEB on the structure of the cerebellum in adult albino rats and possible protective impact of co-administration of Gallic acid (GA). Four groups of forty adult male albino rats were randomly selected, and the rats in group I received corn oil through daily gavage for 4 weeks. Group II received GA dissolved in the normal saline at a dose of 100 mg/kg through daily gavage for 4 weeks, group III administered with TEB dissolved in corn oil at its acceptable daily intake dose (0.02 mg/kg body weight) through daily gavage for 4 weeks, group IV rats received both TEB and GA. For light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations, cerebellar specimens were prepared. TEB exposure led

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health challenge with millions of
new cases and deaths annually world-wide. According to the
2020 WHO report, about 6 million new and relapsed cases
were diagnosed with about 160,000 cases laboratory-
confirmed cases with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-
TB)/relapsing TB (/RR-TB).1 As for Egypt in 2020, about 7000
new and relapsed cases were diagnosed with 85% of the
bacteriologically confirmed new pulmonary TB cases tested
for rifampicin resistance were resistant.2
Rifampicin is an efficient drug for treatment of tuberculosis.
It has been prescribed as the first-line treatment in drug-
susceptible TB patients as well as in isoniazid resistant TB
patients. 3 It acts on the RNA polymerase and the rpoB gene is
the encoding gene.4 About 25 out of 34 mutations in that gene
have been found linked to the rifampicin resistan-
ce.5 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is defined as resistance to
rifampicin and isoniazid with many contributing reasons.

COVID-19 can be accompanied by acute neu-
rological complications of both central and peripheral ner-
vous systems (CNS and PNS). In this study, we estimate the
frequency of such complications among hospital inpatients
with COVID-19 in Assiut and Aswan university hospitals. Ma-
terials and Methods: We screened all patients with suspect-
ed COVID-19 admitted from 1 June to 10 August 2020 to the
university hospitals of Assiut and Aswan in Upper Egypt.
Clinical and laboratory tests, CT/MRI of the chest and brain,

Purpose The treatment landscape for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been revolutionized by the introduction of imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which has transformed the disease from a fatal condition into a manageable chronic illness for a substantial number of patients. Despite this, some individuals do not respond adequately to the treatment, and others may experience disease progression even with continued therapy. This study examined how CYP2C8*3 (G416A; rs11572080) and ABCG2 C421A (rs2231142) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affect the plasma trough concentration and therapeutic response of imatinib in Egyptian CML patients.
Methods The study included fifty patients with chronic-phase CML, who were categorized into two groups: responders (n = 26) and non-responders (n = 24), according to their BCR-ABL1 transcription levels after 12 months of imatinib treatment. Genotyping of the CYP2C8*3 and ABCG2 C421A polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), while plasma trough concentrations were determined through high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-diode array detection (HPLC-UV/DAD).
Results Patients with the CA genotype of ABCG2 C421A showed significantly higher mean plasma trough concentrations of imatinib (CA: 1731 ± 424.7 ng/mL; CC: 1294 ± 381.3 ng/mL; p = 0.0132) and demonstrated a better molecular response compared to those with the CC genotype (p = 0.0395).
Conclusion The ABCG2 C421A polymorphism significantly influenced imatinib plasma trough concentrations and molecular responses in Egyptian chronic-phase CML patients. Genotyping of this polymorphism in these patients could assist in optimizing imatinib therapy, predicting more favorable treatment outcomes, and enabling the development of more personalized treatment plans.