Abstract BACKGROUND: Intramedullary rods and external fixators are reported to be more widely used than plating in osteosynthesis of femoral shaft fractures in children. In our institution plating is the routine, and we are reporting our experience in a retrospective study. METHODS: Two groups of patients were treated by AO plating for femoral shaft fractures. The first included 36 polytraumatized children and the second involved 10 cases of old malunited fractures. Average follow-up for the patients was 5 years. RESULTS: All children achieved union after one operation except one. There were no major complications except one case of mechanical failure. Insignificant limb length inequality occurred in only six children. CONCLUSION: We believed that plating of femoral shaft fractures is a reasonable option in treating children with fresh and neglected fractures.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Intramedullary rods and external fixators are reported to be more widely used than plating in osteosynthesis of femoral shaft fractures in children. In our institution plating is the routine, and we are reporting our experience in a retrospective study. METHODS: Two groups of patients were treated by AO plating for femoral shaft fractures. The first included 36 polytraumatized children and the second involved 10 cases of old malunited fractures. Average follow-up for the patients was 5 years. RESULTS: All children achieved union after one operation except one. There were no major complications except one case of mechanical failure. Insignificant limb length inequality occurred in only six children. CONCLUSION: We believed that plating of femoral shaft fractures is a reasonable option in treating children with fresh and neglected fractures.

Clozapine is one of the commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Several pharmacoepidemiologic studies have supported the notion that atypical antipsychotics may raise the risk of diabetes. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available. This study aims to clarify the diabetogenic effect of clozapine on the blood glucose level and on the cellular level by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of pancreas. Twenty adult albino male rats were divided into two groups; first one as a control group received distilled water orally for 90 days. The other group received 13 mg of clozapine orally daily for the same duration. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples for assessment of glucose level were obtained. The pancreas was processed for histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The results showed hyperglycaemia in the clozapine treated group. Hisopathological examination of the pancreas of treated animals showed many large sized islets of Langerhans, sprouting of new islets from a pre-existing one and many small scattered islets within pancreatic lobules denoting hyperplastic changes. Also, some islets showed apoptotic cells and others showed lymphocytic infiltration. Endocrine-like masses of cells could be observed in relation to many interlobular ducts. Interlobular and interacinar fibrosis was observed by using masson's trichrome stain. PAS reaction revealed increased thickness of the basement membrane of the islets capillaries. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-insulin antibody showed strong staining of the hyperplastic islets of treated animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical observations suggested that clozapine treatment has a diabetogenic effect on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pathogenesis of clozapine-associated diabetes is very similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Clozapine is one of the commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Several pharmacoepidemiologic studies have supported the notion that atypical antipsychotics may raise the risk of diabetes. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available. This study aims to clarify the diabetogenic effect of clozapine on the blood glucose level and on the cellular level by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of pancreas. Twenty adult albino male rats were divided into two groups; first one as a control group received distilled water orally for 90 days. The other group received 13 mg of clozapine orally daily for the same duration. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples for assessment of glucose level were obtained. The pancreas was processed for histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The results showed hyperglycaemia in the clozapine treated group. Hisopathological examination of the pancreas of treated animals showed many large sized islets of Langerhans, sprouting of new islets from a pre-existing one and many small scattered islets within pancreatic lobules denoting hyperplastic changes. Also, some islets showed apoptotic cells and others showed lymphocytic infiltration. Endocrine-like masses of cells could be observed in relation to many interlobular ducts. Interlobular and interacinar fibrosis was observed by using masson's trichrome stain. PAS reaction revealed increased thickness of the basement membrane of the islets capillaries. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-insulin antibody showed strong staining of the hyperplastic islets of treated animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical observations suggested that clozapine treatment has a diabetogenic effect on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pathogenesis of clozapine-associated diabetes is very similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Clozapine is one of the commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Several pharmacoepidemiologic studies have supported the notion that atypical antipsychotics may raise the risk of diabetes. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available. This study aims to clarify the diabetogenic effect of clozapine on the blood glucose level and on the cellular level by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of pancreas. Twenty adult albino male rats were divided into two groups; first one as a control group received distilled water orally for 90 days. The other group received 13 mg of clozapine orally daily for the same duration. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples for assessment of glucose level were obtained. The pancreas was processed for histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The results showed hyperglycaemia in the clozapine treated group. Hisopathological examination of the pancreas of treated animals showed many large sized islets of Langerhans, sprouting of new islets from a pre-existing one and many small scattered islets within pancreatic lobules denoting hyperplastic changes. Also, some islets showed apoptotic cells and others showed lymphocytic infiltration. Endocrine-like masses of cells could be observed in relation to many interlobular ducts. Interlobular and interacinar fibrosis was observed by using masson's trichrome stain. PAS reaction revealed increased thickness of the basement membrane of the islets capillaries. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-insulin antibody showed strong staining of the hyperplastic islets of treated animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical observations suggested that clozapine treatment has a diabetogenic effect on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pathogenesis of clozapine-associated diabetes is very similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Clozapine is one of the commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Several pharmacoepidemiologic studies have supported the notion that atypical antipsychotics may raise the risk of diabetes. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available. This study aims to clarify the diabetogenic effect of clozapine on the blood glucose level and on the cellular level by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of pancreas. Twenty adult albino male rats were divided into two groups; first one as a control group received distilled water orally for 90 days. The other group received 13 mg of clozapine orally daily for the same duration. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples for assessment of glucose level were obtained. The pancreas was processed for histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The results showed hyperglycaemia in the clozapine treated group. Hisopathological examination of the pancreas of treated animals showed many large sized islets of Langerhans, sprouting of new islets from a pre-existing one and many small scattered islets within pancreatic lobules denoting hyperplastic changes. Also, some islets showed apoptotic cells and others showed lymphocytic infiltration. Endocrine-like masses of cells could be observed in relation to many interlobular ducts. Interlobular and interacinar fibrosis was observed by using masson's trichrome stain. PAS reaction revealed increased thickness of the basement membrane of the islets capillaries. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-insulin antibody showed strong staining of the hyperplastic islets of treated animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical observations suggested that clozapine treatment has a diabetogenic effect on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pathogenesis of clozapine-associated diabetes is very similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Clozapine is one of the commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Several pharmacoepidemiologic studies have supported the notion that atypical antipsychotics may raise the risk of diabetes. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available. This study aims to clarify the diabetogenic effect of clozapine on the blood glucose level and on the cellular level by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of pancreas. Twenty adult albino male rats were divided into two groups; first one as a control group received distilled water orally for 90 days. The other group received 13 mg of clozapine orally daily for the same duration. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples for assessment of glucose level were obtained. The pancreas was processed for histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The results showed hyperglycaemia in the clozapine treated group. Hisopathological examination of the pancreas of treated animals showed many large sized islets of Langerhans, sprouting of new islets from a pre-existing one and many small scattered islets within pancreatic lobules denoting hyperplastic changes. Also, some islets showed apoptotic cells and others showed lymphocytic infiltration. Endocrine-like masses of cells could be observed in relation to many interlobular ducts. Interlobular and interacinar fibrosis was observed by using masson's trichrome stain. PAS reaction revealed increased thickness of the basement membrane of the islets capillaries. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-insulin antibody showed strong staining of the hyperplastic islets of treated animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical observations suggested that clozapine treatment has a diabetogenic effect on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pathogenesis of clozapine-associated diabetes is very similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Clozapine is one of the commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Several pharmacoepidemiologic studies have supported the notion that atypical antipsychotics may raise the risk of diabetes. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available. This study aims to clarify the diabetogenic effect of clozapine on the blood glucose level and on the cellular level by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of pancreas. Twenty adult albino male rats were divided into two groups; first one as a control group received distilled water orally for 90 days. The other group received 13 mg of clozapine orally daily for the same duration. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples for assessment of glucose level were obtained. The pancreas was processed for histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical examination. The results showed hyperglycaemia in the clozapine treated group. Hisopathological examination of the pancreas of treated animals showed many large sized islets of Langerhans, sprouting of new islets from a pre-existing one and many small scattered islets within pancreatic lobules denoting hyperplastic changes. Also, some islets showed apoptotic cells and others showed lymphocytic infiltration. Endocrine-like masses of cells could be observed in relation to many interlobular ducts. Interlobular and interacinar fibrosis was observed by using masson's trichrome stain. PAS reaction revealed increased thickness of the basement membrane of the islets capillaries. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-insulin antibody showed strong staining of the hyperplastic islets of treated animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical observations suggested that clozapine treatment has a diabetogenic effect on the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pathogenesis of clozapine-associated diabetes is very similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is one of the most commonly used drugs as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Paracetamol contains a phenol ring and an acetyl group raising the possibility that it might have sex steroid antagonist properties. A small proportion of the drug is metabolized into a reactive metabolite, which is normally detoxified by glutathione. Over dose might cause glutathione depletion and oxidative stress. Honey is considered as an antioxidant because of the presence of ascorbic acid, flavonoid and ά-tocopherol. This work was carried out to investigate the morphological modifications that would occur in the pituitary gland of male rats in response to the administration of acetaminophen in therapeutic dose for one month duration and a possible protective effect of honey when given concomitantly with paracetamol. Thirty adult male albino rats were used. The animals were divided into three groups. Group I served as a control. Group II were given paracetamol orally in a dose of 800 mg/kg/day for one month. Group III were given paracetamol in a similar dose and duration concomitantly with honey in a dose of 2.5 gm/kg/day orally. All the animals were sacrificed and the pituitary gland was dissected out and processed for general histological and ultrastructural examination of the pars distalis. The pars distalis of group II revealed variable structural changes in the gonadotrophs and somatotrophs. In group III the changes extended to involve the thyrotrophs. The most characteristic change was the excessive dilatation in ER. It is concluded that paracetamol influences the structure of pars distalis in a selective form. Honey modifies paracetamol effect, possibly via its ascorbic acid contents.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is one of the most commonly used drugs as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Paracetamol contains a phenol ring and an acetyl group raising the possibility that it might have sex steroid antagonist properties. A small proportion of the drug is metabolized into a reactive metabolite, which is normally detoxified by glutathione. Over dose might cause glutathione depletion and oxidative stress. Honey is considered as an antioxidant because of the presence of ascorbic acid, flavonoid and ά-tocopherol. This work was carried out to investigate the morphological modifications that would occur in the pituitary gland of male rats in response to the administration of acetaminophen in therapeutic dose for one month duration and a possible protective effect of honey when given concomitantly with paracetamol. Thirty adult male albino rats were used. The animals were divided into three groups. Group I served as a control. Group II were given paracetamol orally in a dose of 800 mg/kg/day for one month. Group III were given paracetamol in a similar dose and duration concomitantly with honey in a dose of 2.5 gm/kg/day orally. All the animals were sacrificed and the pituitary gland was dissected out and processed for general histological and ultrastructural examination of the pars distalis. The pars distalis of group II revealed variable structural changes in the gonadotrophs and somatotrophs. In group III the changes extended to involve the thyrotrophs. The most characteristic change was the excessive dilatation in ER. It is concluded that paracetamol influences the structure of pars distalis in a selective form. Honey modifies paracetamol effect, possibly via its ascorbic acid contents.