Abstract Allovahlkampfiaspelaeawasidentifiedforthefirsttimein2009.Asafreelivingamoeba,ithasbeensuggested tobeaprotectivehostforsomebacterialpathogensagainstharshenvironmentalconditionsandcantransmitthem tovulnerablehosts.WeaimedinthisstudytotesttheinteractionsbetweenAllovahlkampfiaspelaeaandsomewaterborneandfoodbornebacteriaandunravelifthetestedbacteriacansurviveandmultiplyinsideamoeba.WeusedakeratitisisolateofAllovahlkampfiaspelaeagrowninPYGmediumcontainingproteosepeptone,yeast extracts,andglucose.WeexaminedamoebainteractionswithMethicillinresistantStaphylococcusaureus,Escherichiacoli1,Klebsiellapneumoniae,Enterobacteraerogenes,Citrobactercloaca,Proteusmirabilis,Raoultella terrigena,Raoultellaornitholytica,AeromonashydrophilaandPseudomonasaeruginosausingtheco-culture assays.Amoebalsurvivalratewithdifferentbacterialstrainsweredetermined.WiththeexceptionofProteusmirabilisthatshoweddecreasedsurvivalratesinsideamoebalcells,otherbacterialisolatescouldsurviveand multiplyinsideAllovahlkampfiaspelaeathatwasassociatedwithdecreasedsurvivalratesoftheamoeba. Particularly,Pseudomonasaeruginosa,AeromonashydrophilaandMRSAexhibitedsignificantlyincreasedmultiplicationratesinsideamoeba.OurstudydemonstratedthatAllovahlkampfiaspelaeamayactasareplicative host for pathogenic bacteria with environmental and clinical implications.

Abstract Allovahlkampfiaspelaeawasidentifiedforthefirsttimein2009.Asafreelivingamoeba,ithasbeensuggested tobeaprotectivehostforsomebacterialpathogensagainstharshenvironmentalconditionsandcantransmitthem tovulnerablehosts.WeaimedinthisstudytotesttheinteractionsbetweenAllovahlkampfiaspelaeaandsomewaterborneandfoodbornebacteriaandunravelifthetestedbacteriacansurviveandmultiplyinsideamoeba.WeusedakeratitisisolateofAllovahlkampfiaspelaeagrowninPYGmediumcontainingproteosepeptone,yeast extracts,andglucose.WeexaminedamoebainteractionswithMethicillinresistantStaphylococcusaureus,Escherichiacoli1,Klebsiellapneumoniae,Enterobacteraerogenes,Citrobactercloaca,Proteusmirabilis,Raoultella terrigena,Raoultellaornitholytica,AeromonashydrophilaandPseudomonasaeruginosausingtheco-culture assays.Amoebalsurvivalratewithdifferentbacterialstrainsweredetermined.WiththeexceptionofProteusmirabilisthatshoweddecreasedsurvivalratesinsideamoebalcells,otherbacterialisolatescouldsurviveand multiplyinsideAllovahlkampfiaspelaeathatwasassociatedwithdecreasedsurvivalratesoftheamoeba. Particularly,Pseudomonasaeruginosa,AeromonashydrophilaandMRSAexhibitedsignificantlyincreasedmultiplicationratesinsideamoeba.OurstudydemonstratedthatAllovahlkampfiaspelaeamayactasareplicative host for pathogenic bacteria with environmental and clinical implications.

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Background: Strabismus surgery is perhaps a pediatric surgical procedure that has the strongest evidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) risk. This randomized controlled blind study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of combined therapy of dexamethasone and intraoperative superhydration vs their monotherapy on the incidence and severity of PONV and on pain intensity after pediatric strabismus surgery. Methods: A total of 120 children aged 6 to 12 years undergoing strabismus surgery were randomized to equally 3 groups to receive 0.15 mg/kg dexamethasone (dexamethasone group) or intraoperative superhydration of lactated Ringer's solution in a dose of 30 mL/kg per fasting time (superhydration group), or a combination of dexamethasone and intraoperative fluid in the same strategy (combination therapy group). The incidence and severity of PONV and pain using visual analog scale score, and need for supplemental antiemetic and analgesic therapy and their consumptions were assessed and compared in the 3 studied groups for 24 hours postoperatively. Results: The incidence of PONV and postoperative vomiting was significantly lower (PN .001) in the combination therapy group (5% and 5% respectively) compared with the dexamethasone group (35% and 30%) and superhydration group (32.5% and 35%). There was no significant difference among patients in the superhydration group and dexamethasone group in the cumulative incidences of PONV in the whole 24 hours postoperatively. Postoperative aggregated visual analog scale pain score and total acetaminophen consumption showed a significant reduction (PN .05) in the combination therapy group together with significant prolongation of time to the first analgesic request compared with both the superhydration group and the dexamethasone group. Conclusion: Combined therapy of 0.15 mg/kg dexamethasone 1 minute before induction and intraoperative fluid superhydration is an effective and safe way to reduce PONV and pain better than monotherapy of dexamethasone, or intraoperative superhydration separately for pediatric strabismus surgery.

Background: Strabismus surgery is perhaps a pediatric surgical procedure that has the strongest evidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) risk. This randomized controlled blind study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of combined therapy of dexamethasone and intraoperative superhydration vs their monotherapy on the incidence and severity of PONV and on pain intensity after pediatric strabismus surgery. Methods: A total of 120 children aged 6 to 12 years undergoing strabismus surgery were randomized to equally 3 groups to receive 0.15 mg/kg dexamethasone (dexamethasone group) or intraoperative superhydration of lactated Ringer's solution in a dose of 30 mL/kg per fasting time (superhydration group), or a combination of dexamethasone and intraoperative fluid in the same strategy (combination therapy group). The incidence and severity of PONV and pain using visual analog scale score, and need for supplemental antiemetic and analgesic therapy and their consumptions were assessed and compared in the 3 studied groups for 24 hours postoperatively. Results: The incidence of PONV and postoperative vomiting was significantly lower (PN .001) in the combination therapy group (5% and 5% respectively) compared with the dexamethasone group (35% and 30%) and superhydration group (32.5% and 35%). There was no significant difference among patients in the superhydration group and dexamethasone group in the cumulative incidences of PONV in the whole 24 hours postoperatively. Postoperative aggregated visual analog scale pain score and total acetaminophen consumption showed a significant reduction (PN .05) in the combination therapy group together with significant prolongation of time to the first analgesic request compared with both the superhydration group and the dexamethasone group. Conclusion: Combined therapy of 0.15 mg/kg dexamethasone 1 minute before induction and intraoperative fluid superhydration is an effective and safe way to reduce PONV and pain better than monotherapy of dexamethasone, or intraoperative superhydration separately for pediatric strabismus surgery.

Background: Strabismus surgery is perhaps a pediatric surgical procedure that has the strongest evidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) risk. This randomized controlled blind study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of combined therapy of dexamethasone and intraoperative superhydration vs their monotherapy on the incidence and severity of PONV and on pain intensity after pediatric strabismus surgery. Methods: A total of 120 children aged 6 to 12 years undergoing strabismus surgery were randomized to equally 3 groups to receive 0.15 mg/kg dexamethasone (dexamethasone group) or intraoperative superhydration of lactated Ringer's solution in a dose of 30 mL/kg per fasting time (superhydration group), or a combination of dexamethasone and intraoperative fluid in the same strategy (combination therapy group). The incidence and severity of PONV and pain using visual analog scale score, and need for supplemental antiemetic and analgesic therapy and their consumptions were assessed and compared in the 3 studied groups for 24 hours postoperatively. Results: The incidence of PONV and postoperative vomiting was significantly lower (PN .001) in the combination therapy group (5% and 5% respectively) compared with the dexamethasone group (35% and 30%) and superhydration group (32.5% and 35%). There was no significant difference among patients in the superhydration group and dexamethasone group in the cumulative incidences of PONV in the whole 24 hours postoperatively. Postoperative aggregated visual analog scale pain score and total acetaminophen consumption showed a significant reduction (PN .05) in the combination therapy group together with significant prolongation of time to the first analgesic request compared with both the superhydration group and the dexamethasone group. Conclusion: Combined therapy of 0.15 mg/kg dexamethasone 1 minute before induction and intraoperative fluid superhydration is an effective and safe way to reduce PONV and pain better than monotherapy of dexamethasone, or intraoperative superhydration separately for pediatric strabismus surgery.

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite known to be an important waterborne pathogen. The faeco-oral transmission of the parasite leads to the presence of its cysts in the environment. Giardia cysts are abundant in surface water worldwide. Knowledge of the prevalence of Giardia cysts in water resources is important for controlling its transmission. The present study was designed for detection of G. lamblia cysts, its seasonal variability, count and viability assessment in water supplies of Assuit University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; using flow cytometry. Forty eight water grab samples (20 liter per sample) were collected from water supplies of the faculty and hospital's buildings from inlet, outlet and tanks during winter and summer 2014. All water samples were subjected to filtration, elution and concentration followed by flow cytometry. G. lamblia cysts were detected in 14 water samples with detection rate of 29.2%. The highest rate of positive samples was recorded in winter. The mean cysts number was 1066.3 cysts/L in summer and 837.1 cysts/L in winter. The percent of viable G. lamblia cysts reached 6.2% in summer and 5.75% in winter with insignificant difference. The results of the present study reflected the need for more efficient methods adapted by the water treatment facilities in this locality for controlling the quality of drinking water. The results demonstrated the benefit of flow cytometry as a rapid and simple method for evaluation of Giardia cysts in water samples

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite known to be an important waterborne pathogen. The faeco-oral transmission of the parasite leads to the presence of its cysts in the environment. Giardia cysts are abundant in surface water worldwide. Knowledge of the prevalence of Giardia cysts in water resources is important for controlling its transmission. The present study was designed for detection of G. lamblia cysts, its seasonal variability, count and viability assessment in water supplies of Assuit University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; using flow cytometry. Forty eight water grab samples (20 liter per sample) were collected from water supplies of the faculty and hospital's buildings from inlet, outlet and tanks during winter and summer 2014. All water samples were subjected to filtration, elution and concentration followed by flow cytometry. G. lamblia cysts were detected in 14 water samples with detection rate of 29.2%. The highest rate of positive samples was recorded in winter. The mean cysts number was 1066.3 cysts/L in summer and 837.1 cysts/L in winter. The percent of viable G. lamblia cysts reached 6.2% in summer and 5.75% in winter with insignificant difference. The results of the present study reflected the need for more efficient methods adapted by the water treatment facilities in this locality for controlling the quality of drinking water. The results demonstrated the benefit of flow cytometry as a rapid and simple method for evaluation of Giardia cysts in water samples

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite known to be an important waterborne pathogen. The faeco-oral transmission of the parasite leads to the presence of its cysts in the environment. Giardia cysts are abundant in surface water worldwide. Knowledge of the prevalence of Giardia cysts in water resources is important for controlling its transmission. The present study was designed for detection of G. lamblia cysts, its seasonal variability, count and viability assessment in water supplies of Assuit University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; using flow cytometry. Forty eight water grab samples (20 liter per sample) were collected from water supplies of the faculty and hospital's buildings from inlet, outlet and tanks during winter and summer 2014. All water samples were subjected to filtration, elution and concentration followed by flow cytometry. G. lamblia cysts were detected in 14 water samples with detection rate of 29.2%. The highest rate of positive samples was recorded in winter. The mean cysts number was 1066.3 cysts/L in summer and 837.1 cysts/L in winter. The percent of viable G. lamblia cysts reached 6.2% in summer and 5.75% in winter with insignificant difference. The results of the present study reflected the need for more efficient methods adapted by the water treatment facilities in this locality for controlling the quality of drinking water. The results demonstrated the benefit of flow cytometry as a rapid and simple method for evaluation of Giardia cysts in water samples

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite known to be an important waterborne pathogen. The faeco-oral transmission of the parasite leads to the presence of its cysts in the environment. Giardia cysts are abundant in surface water worldwide. Knowledge of the prevalence of Giardia cysts in water resources is important for controlling its transmission. The present study was designed for detection of G. lamblia cysts, its seasonal variability, count and viability assessment in water supplies of Assuit University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; using flow cytometry. Forty eight water grab samples (20 liter per sample) were collected from water supplies of the faculty and hospital's buildings from inlet, outlet and tanks during winter and summer 2014. All water samples were subjected to filtration, elution and concentration followed by flow cytometry. G. lamblia cysts were detected in 14 water samples with detection rate of 29.2%. The highest rate of positive samples was recorded in winter. The mean cysts number was 1066.3 cysts/L in summer and 837.1 cysts/L in winter. The percent of viable G. lamblia cysts reached 6.2% in summer and 5.75% in winter with insignificant difference. The results of the present study reflected the need for more efficient methods adapted by the water treatment facilities in this locality for controlling the quality of drinking water. The results demonstrated the benefit of flow cytometry as a rapid and simple method for evaluation of Giardia cysts in water samples