This paper will set out a brief review of the needs, early development, and current status of the nature of the interactions between rubber matrix and particulate filler and the intrinsic effect on mechanical and rheological behavior of filled vulcanizates. Fillers are commonly added to commercial elastomers for reasons of economy and also to favourably modify properties such as stiffness, tensile strength, heat distortion, mouldability, and other important properties, such as impact properties and elongation to break. The behavior of elastomers reinforcing with certain fillers like carbon black or high-structure silica need to be understood deeply to clarify the rubber-filler interaction and its effect on rheological and mechanical properties of filled rubber compounds. In this paper the nature of interaction between the elastomer and filler particles, the types of reinforcing fillers, the effect of its size and structure, the reinforcing concepts, and the mechanical properties of filled rubber are discussed.

This paper will set out a brief review of the needs, early development, and current status of the nature of the interactions between rubber matrix and particulate filler and the intrinsic effect on mechanical and rheological behavior of filled vulcanizates. Fillers are commonly added to commercial elastomers for reasons of economy and also to favourably modify properties such as stiffness, tensile strength, heat distortion, mouldability, and other important properties, such as impact properties and elongation to break. The behavior of elastomers reinforcing with certain fillers like carbon black or high-structure silica need to be understood deeply to clarify the rubber-filler interaction and its effect on rheological and mechanical properties of filled rubber compounds. In this paper the nature of interaction between the elastomer and filler particles, the types of reinforcing fillers, the effect of its size and structure, the reinforcing concepts, and the mechanical properties of filled rubber are discussed.

The problem can be summarized in the lack of information, including the sequence steps for management and preservation of the cultural heritage landscape sites in Egypt. Also, the lack of coordination between the government, the associations which are looking after with culture landscape, GIS designers, archaeologists and the public for management the cultural landscapes sites and their preservation. So, the paper has tried to put some of central research questions: Is it possible to reach a common framework means the management and preservation of cultural heritage landscape sites in Egypt, in order to make a valorization for such these sites? Could the application of this common framework on “Siwa Oasis” help to develop and upgrade this framework? The paper aims to find the possibility of reaching a common framework for the formulation of management and preservation of cultural heritage landscape sites in Egypt in order to make a valorization for such these sites. After that, the paper made an application on a cultural heritage site “Siwa Oasis”, which aims to reach an urban upgrading, humanity upgrading and adaptation of the heritage places for the selected case study.