This paper presents experimental investigations of the Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) performance of a Micro-Tangential-Jet (MTJ) Film cooling scheme on a gas turbine vane using transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) technique. The MTJ scheme is a micro-shaped scheme designed so that the secondary jet is supplied parallel to the vane surface. In order to supply the jet in a direction parallel to the vane surface, extra material was added on both pressure and suction sides. The film cooling performance of one row of holes on both pressure and suction sides were investigated at a blowing ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 on the pressure side and 0.25 to 0.625 on the suction side, calculated based on the MTJ scheme exit area. The average density ratio during the investigations was 0.93, and the Reynolds number was 1.4E+5, based on the free stream velocity and the main duct hydraulic diameter. The pitch to diameter ratio of the cooling holes is 5 on the pressure side and 6.5 on the suction side. The turbulence intensity during all investigations was 8.5% and was measure two chords upstream the vane leading edge using the PIV technique. The investigations showed that the increase in the HTC ratio due to the presence of the MTJ scheme is very close to that resulting from the presence of normal traditional shaped schemes on the pressure side. Meanwhile, a reduction in the HTC ratio is recorded on the suction side. Such performance is attributed to the small overall height of the scheme which helped keep the resulting turbulence to a minimum. Moreover, the HTC distribution downstream the MTJ scheme is uniform in the lateral directions which helps minimize the thermal stresses. The Net Heat Flux Reduction (NHFR) parameter is used to judge the overall performance of the MTJ scheme. The NHFR represents a combination of the effects of both the cooling effectiveness and the HTC. Great enhancement in the NHFR performance of the MTJ was observed compared to traditional shaped schemes. With the current MTJ scheme design and dimensions and under the previously mentioned Reynolds number and turbulence intensity it was observed that a blowing ratio close to unity, calculated based on the scheme exit area, provides an optimal film cooling performance on both pressure and suction sides.

This paper presents experimental investigations of the film cooling effectiveness of a Micro-Tangential- Jet (MTJ) Film cooling scheme on a gas turbine vane using transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) technique. The MTJ scheme is a micro-shaped scheme designed so that the secondary jet is supplied tangentially to the vane surface. The scheme combines the benefits of micro jets and tangential injection. The film cooling performance of one row of holes on both pressure and suction sides were investigated at a blowing ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 on the pressure side and 0.25 to 0.625 on the suction side. The average density ratio during the investigations was 0.93, and the Reynolds Number was 1.4E+5, based on the free stream velocity and the main duct hydraulic diameter. The pitch to diameter ratio of the cooling holes is 5 on the pressure side and 6.5 on the suction side. The turbulence intensity during all investigations was 8.5%. Minor changes in the Mach number distribution around the airfoil surface were observed due to the presence of the MTJ scheme, compared with the case with no MTJ scheme. The investigations showed great film cooling performance for the MTJ scheme, high effectiveness values and excellent lateral jet spreading. The performance of tangential injection over actual airfoil surfaces was found close, qualitatively, to that observed over flat plate. A 2-D coolant film was observed in the results, which is a characteristic of the continuous slot schemes only. The presence of this 2-D film layer helps minimize the rate of mixing between the main and the secondary streams. This film help establish uniform thermal loads on the surface. Furthermore, it was noticed that the rate of effectiveness decay on the suction side was lower than that of the pressure side while the lateral jet spreading on the pressure side was better than on suction side. The main disadvantage of the MTJ scheme is the increased pressure drop across the scheme, compared to traditional shaped schemes.

This paper presents the use of electrodeformation as a method for single cell mechanical characterization in which mechanical properties of SiHa and ME180 cells (two cervical cancer cell lines) were quantified. Cells were directly placed between two microelectrodes with a rectangular ac electric field applied, and cell deformation was recorded under certain experimental conditions. Numerical simulations were performed to model cell electrodeformation based on the Maxwell stress tensor formulation. In these simulations, effects of cell electrical property variations on their electrodeformed behavior were investigated. By comparing the measured morphological changes with those obtained from numerical simulations, we were able to quantify Young's modulus of SiHa cells (601 ± 183 Pa) and ME180 cells (1463 ± 649 Pa). These values were consistent with Young's modulus values (SiHa: 400 ± 290 Pa and ME180: 1070 ± 580 Pa) obtained from conventional micropipette aspiration.

A growing number of initiatives on nanotechnology research, education, and industry have been recently launched by several Arab countries to quickly build scientific capacity and track worldwide developments in nanotechnology. Some countries, namely, the oil-rich countries, have allocated large funds to support these initiatives, which are intended to serve the national interests in energy, water and food supply, medicine, and local industry. The other Arab countries are also pursuing nanotechnology, however, with fewer funds but with more human resources. This study assesses the current status of nanotechnology in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Kingdom of Morocco, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of Tunisia, State of Kuwait, State of Qatar, Sultanate of Oman, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study is aimed at having a top-level overview of the status of existing, underdevelopment, and planed educational and research programs relevant to nanotechnology. The overview also includes nanotechnology research focus areas, challenges, and opportunities.

As digital microfluidics technology evolves, the need for integrating additional elements (e.g., sensing/detection and heating elements) on the electrode increases. Consequently, electrode area for droplet actuation is reduced to create space for accommodating these additional elements, which undesirably affects force generation. Electrodes cannot simply be scaled larger to compensate for this loss of force, as this would also increase droplet volume and thereby compromise the advantages thought in miniaturization. Here, we present a study evaluating, numerically with preliminary experimental verification, different partially filled electrode designs and suggesting designs that combine high actuation forces with a large reduction in electrode area.

In this paper a mathematical model for swash plate compressor is presented. Using this model, the description of the swash plate motion and the average power input to the compressor was derived as a function of the compressor geometry and angular speed under different operating conditions. The performance of an automotive air conditioning system provided with a swash compressor type is experimentally studied. The theoretical and experimental studies of the swash plate compressor indicate that the average power acting on the swash compressor mainly depends upon the swash plate inclination angle, rotational speed and system pressure. It is concluded that, small value of the swash plate inclined angle is necessary for decreasing the power lost due to friction between the slipper and the swash plate and decreasing the shaft power required for the swash compressor. Also, in the design case when a long stroke and minimum shaft power for the swash plate compressor are required, the present analysis is very important for selecting the suitable inclined angle and the stroke length of the swash compressor. The experimental results show that low rotational speed, high cooling capacity and low shaft power per unit refrigerant mass flow rates are required for high values of coefficient of performance and volumetric efficiency. The coefficient of performance relative to that obtained for the corresponding Carnot cycle is parabolically decreased by increasing the shaft power per unit refrigerant mass flow rates. The shaft power values obtained from the theoretical results agree with those obtained from a simulated program prepared by the manufacture company of the swash compressor [8] under different operating conditions.