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This paper addresses the optimal distributed generation sizing and siting for voltage profile improvement, power losses, and total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction in a distribution network with high penetration of non-linear loads. The proposed planning methodology takes into consideration the load profile, the frequency spectrum of non-linear loads, and the technical constraints such as voltage limits at different buses (slack and load buses) of the system, feeder capacity, THD limits, and maximum penetration limit of DG units. The optimization process is based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method with three scenarios of objective function: system power losses, THD, and multi-objective function-based power losses and THD. This method is executed on the IEEE 31-bus system under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal (harmonics) operating conditions including load variations within the 24-hr period. The simulation results using Matlab environment show the robustness of this method in optimal sizing and siting of DG, efficiency for improvement of voltage profile, reduction of power losses, and THD. A comparison with particle swarm optimization (PSO) method shows that the proposed method is better than PSO in reducing the power losses and THD in all suggested scenarios.

Laminar natural convection in differentially heated (β = 0°, where β is the inclination angle), inclined (β = 30° and 60°), and bottom-heated (β = 90°) square enclosures filled with a nanofluid is investigated, using a two-phase lattice Boltzmann simulation approach. The effects of the inclination angle on Nu number and convection heat transfer coefficient are studied. The effects of thermophoresis and Brownian forces which create a relative drift or slip velocity between the particles and the base fluid are included in the simulation. The effect of thermophoresis is considered using an accurate and quantitative formula proposed by the authors. Some of the existing results on natural convection are erroneous due to using wrong thermophoresis models or simply ignoring the effect. Here we show that thermophoresis has a considerable effect on heat transfer augmentation in laminar natural convection. Our non-homogenous modeling approach shows that heat transfer in nanofluids is a function of the inclination angle and Ra number. It also reveals some details of flow behavior which cannot be captured by single-phase models. The minimum heat transfer rate is associated with β = 90° (bottom-heated) and the maximum heat transfer rate occurs in an inclination angle which varies with the Ra number.

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Abstract Optical networks-on-chip (ONoCs) represent an emerging technology for use as a communication platform for systems-on-chip (SoC). It is a novel on-chip communication system where information is transmitted in the form of light, as opposed to conventional electrical networks-on-chip (ENoC). As the ONoC becomes a candidate solution for the communication infrastructure of the SoC, the development of proper hierarchical models and tools for its design and analysis, specific to its heterogeneous nature, becomes a necessity. This chapter studies a class of ONoCs that employ a single central passive-type optical router using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) as a routing mechanism. A novel protocol stack architecture for the ONoC is presented. The proposed protocol stack is a 4-layered hardware stack consisting of the physical layer, the physical-adapter layer, the data link layer, and the network layer. It allows the modular design of each ONoC building block, thus boosting the interoperability and design reuse of the ONoC. Adapting this protocol stack architecture, this chapter introduces the micro-architecture of a new router called electrical distributed router (EDR) as a wrapper for the ONoC. Then, the performance of the ONoC layered architecture has been evaluated both at system-level (network latency and throughput) and at the physical (optical) level. Experimental results prove the scalability of the ONoC and demonstrate that the ONoC is able to deliver a comparable bandwidth or even better (in large network sizes) to the ENoC. The proposed protocol stack has been modeled and integrated inside an industrial simulation environment (ST OCCS GenKit) using an industrial standard (VSTNoC) protocol.

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