This paper is aimed at proposing a multifunction numerical relay (MNR) for protection against over-current, over- and under-voltage and over- and under-frequency. The MNR serves also as a directional relay. The performance of the MNR is investigated through simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and implementation of a prototype using TMS320F28335 Experimenter Kit. The MNR trips a circuit breaker at abnormal conditions of current, voltage and frequency. The novelty of the proposed relay lies on being a numerical compact-sized relay serving multi protection functions.

This paper is aimed at proposing a multifunction numerical relay (MNR) for protection against over-current, over- and under-voltage and over- and under-frequency. The MNR serves also as a directional relay. The performance of the MNR is investigated through simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and implementation of a prototype using TMS320F28335 Experimenter Kit. The MNR trips a circuit breaker at abnormal conditions of current, voltage and frequency. The novelty of the proposed relay lies on being a numerical compact-sized relay serving multi protection functions.

الملخص تعاني معظم الطرق بالأحياء السكنية في مدينة الرياض تدني مستوى أدائها وكفاءتها بسبب تزايد مشكلات الحركة المرورية للسيارات على تلك الطرق داخل الأحياء. وتتحمل الضوابط العمرانية للأحياء السكنية بمدينة الرياض جزءاً كبيراً من المسئولية تجاه تلك المشكلات، حيث إنها تساهم في زيادتها نتيجة للخلل في بعض تلك الضوابط. وتتمثل أوجه الخلل في: عدم وضوح التدرج الهرمي الوظيفي لشبكة الطرق، والتداخل في استعمالات الأراضي، وتعدد مداخل الأحياء السكنية، واستقامة الطرق وامتدادها، وكثرة التقاطعات، وعدم تنظيم مواقف السيارات وكفاية أعدادها، وندرة وجود أرصفة مشاة على جانبي معظم الطرق. ويهدف البحث إلى التعرف إلى دور الضوابط العمرانية في المشكلات الناتجة عن الحركة المرورية على الطرق داخل الأحياء السكنية بمدينة الرياض، وذلك من خلال دراسة وتحليل أوجه الخلل في تلك الضوابط، وبيان انعكاساتها المباشرة في بروز العديد من المشكلات على تلك الطرق. ولتحقيق أهداف البحث أمكن جمله في أربعة أجزاء رئيسية: الجزء الأول يتناول المقدمة من حيث إشكالية البحث وهدفه والمنهجية المتبعة والوضع الراهن للطرق في مدينة الرياض. ويناقش الجزء الثاني بعض الدراسات السابقة ذات العلاقة بموضوع البحث، بينما يتعرض الجزء الثالث بالدراسة لأوجه الخلل في الضوابط العمرانية للأحياء السكنية. أما الجزء الرابع فيعرض أهم المشكلات الناتجة عن الحركة المرورية على الطرق بالأحياء السكنية بسبب الخلل في الضوابط العمرانية. وينتهي البحث بالخلاصة والتوصيات.

Abstract Most of the Egyptian towns grew up in every direction without specific urban form or limited size. As, the rapidly population growth has take place in these towns. Therefore, many urban problems have been emerged and became more complicated. So, the urban development process in these towns could not be beneficial because of the absence of urban development strategy. However, these towns could not meet the needs of its residents. Assiut town is considered to be one of the most important town in Upper Egypt. It is the capital of both Assiut governorate and its region in one hand, and the importance of the historical and cultural value in the other. Assiut is suffering from the same urban problems as most of the Egyptian towns, but these problems may be different in their conditions. The research aims to develop Assiut town as an example of most Egyptian towns. This can be fulfilled through proposing an urban development strategy. This strategy implies specific goals, policies, implementation plans, and execution decisions. The research divided into four main parts. The first part indicates the introduction which discusses the problem, significance, hypothesis, objectives, and the methodology of this research. The second part discusses the urban development process related to the Egyptian towns. The third part discusses the case study of Assiut town, which consists of the definition of the urban characteristics, urban problems, and available opportunities. The fourth and final part explains the proposed urban development strategy that will be adopted in Assiut town as to solve the urban problems.

Abstract Despite the existence of a vast number of urban legislation in Egypt; it could be the basis for achieving the goals and plans for sustainable urban development, as well as creating sound urban environments. However, there are many obvious negative manifestations. With a closer look to the growth of Egyptian cities, it shows the slums, which are still prevalent in these cities. In addition to, the encroachment of urbanization on the agricultural area, as well as the meager use of space, this hinders the process of sustainable urban development. The research aims to identify the role of urban legislation - especially urban planning legislation and local government legislation - in the process of sustainable urban development in the Egyptian cities. Also, the research aims to discover the deficiencies that led to decrease the legislation effectiveness, and show their direct impacts on sustainable urban development. The research implies five main parts. The first part deals with the introduction, in terms of, the problem, the objectives and methodology of the research. The second part discusses the sustainable urban development in Egypt. The third part emphasizes on the role of urban legislation in sustainable urban development process in Egypt. The fourth part deals with the urban planning legislation in terms of their deficiencies and the most important negative impacts on sustainable urban development. The fifth part discusses the local government legislation in terms of their deficiencies and the most important negative impacts on sustainable urban development.

Increasingly, passive ventilation solutions are receiving considerable attention for inducing natural ventilation in dwellings regarding operation costs, energy demands, and carbon dioxide emissions. Solar chimney, in particular, is a promising alternative to enhance thermal and ventilation performance for the indoor environment by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. The present study focuses on achieving optimum natural ventilation rate by incorporating solar chimney into a single room in a hot climatic context. Specifically, a mathematical model is developed through an overall energy balance on the solar chimney. This model examines a wide range of geometry parameters under real weather data to determine the optimum design solutions for the solar chimney. Furthermore, the model predicts the temperatures of the glazing and the black painted absorber as well as air velocity exiting from the chimney. The analytical results showed that an optimum air flow rate of 0.019–0.033 m3/s was achieved by 88.2% during the daytime when the dimensions of a proposed solar chimney are 45° inclination angle, 1.4 m length, 0.6 m width and 0.20 m air gab. Moreover, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was applied to predict space flow pattern using CFD module in DesignBuilder software, which is based on Energy-Plus dynamic simulation engine. The renormalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model was applied to solving the mass and energy equations within the solar chimney. Comparisons of the model predictions with CFD calculations and bibliographic experimental work outline the validity of the model.

Increasingly, passive ventilation solutions are receiving considerable attention for inducing natural ventilation in dwellings regarding operation costs, energy demands, and carbon dioxide emissions. Solar chimney, in particular, is a promising alternative to enhance thermal and ventilation performance for the indoor environment by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. The present study focuses on achieving optimum natural ventilation rate by incorporating solar chimney into a single room in a hot climatic context. Specifically, a mathematical model is developed through an overall energy balance on the solar chimney. This model examines a wide range of geometry parameters under real weather data to determine the optimum design solutions for the solar chimney. Furthermore, the model predicts the temperatures of the glazing and the black painted absorber as well as air velocity exiting from the chimney. The analytical results showed that an optimum air flow rate of 0.019–0.033 m3/s was achieved by 88.2% during the daytime when the dimensions of a proposed solar chimney are 45° inclination angle, 1.4 m length, 0.6 m width and 0.20 m air gab. Moreover, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was applied to predict space flow pattern using CFD module in DesignBuilder software, which is based on Energy-Plus dynamic simulation engine. The renormalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model was applied to solving the mass and energy equations within the solar chimney. Comparisons of the model predictions with CFD calculations and bibliographic experimental work outline the validity of the model.

In multi-hop routing, cluster heads near the base station act as relays for far cluster heads and thus will deplete their energy very quickly. Thus, hot spots in the sensor field result. This paper introduces a new clustering algorithm named an Unequal Multi-hop Balanced Immune Clustering protocol (UMBIC) to solve the hot spot problem and improve the lifetime of small and large scale/homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with different densities. UMBIC protocol utilizes the Unequal Clustering Mechanism (UCM) and the Multi-Objective Immune Algorithm (MOIA) to adjust the intra-cluster and inter-cluster energy consumption. The UCM is used to partition the network into clusters of unequal size based on distance with reference to base station and residual energy. While the MOIA constructs an optimum clusters and a routing tree among them based on covering the entire sensor field, ensuring the connectivity among nodes and minimizing the communication cost of all nodes. The UMBIC protocol rotates the role of cluster heads among the nodes only if the residual energy of one of the current cluster heads less than the energy threshold, as a result the time computational and overheads are saved. Simulation results show that, compared with other protocols, the UMBIC protocol can effectively improve the network lifetime, solve the hot spot problem and balance the energy consumption among all nodes in the network. Moreover, it has less overheads and computational complexity.

In multi-hop routing, cluster heads near the base station act as relays for far cluster heads and thus will deplete their energy very quickly. Thus, hot spots in the sensor field result. This paper introduces a new clustering algorithm named an Unequal Multi-hop Balanced Immune Clustering protocol (UMBIC) to solve the hot spot problem and improve the lifetime of small and large scale/homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with different densities. UMBIC protocol utilizes the Unequal Clustering Mechanism (UCM) and the Multi-Objective Immune Algorithm (MOIA) to adjust the intra-cluster and inter-cluster energy consumption. The UCM is used to partition the network into clusters of unequal size based on distance with reference to base station and residual energy. While the MOIA constructs an optimum clusters and a routing tree among them based on covering the entire sensor field, ensuring the connectivity among nodes and minimizing the communication cost of all nodes. The UMBIC protocol rotates the role of cluster heads among the nodes only if the residual energy of one of the current cluster heads less than the energy threshold, as a result the time computational and overheads are saved. Simulation results show that, compared with other protocols, the UMBIC protocol can effectively improve the network lifetime, solve the hot spot problem and balance the energy consumption among all nodes in the network. Moreover, it has less overheads and computational complexity.

In multi-hop routing, cluster heads near the base station act as relays for far cluster heads and thus will deplete their energy very quickly. Thus, hot spots in the sensor field result. This paper introduces a new clustering algorithm named an Unequal Multi-hop Balanced Immune Clustering protocol (UMBIC) to solve the hot spot problem and improve the lifetime of small and large scale/homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with different densities. UMBIC protocol utilizes the Unequal Clustering Mechanism (UCM) and the Multi-Objective Immune Algorithm (MOIA) to adjust the intra-cluster and inter-cluster energy consumption. The UCM is used to partition the network into clusters of unequal size based on distance with reference to base station and residual energy. While the MOIA constructs an optimum clusters and a routing tree among them based on covering the entire sensor field, ensuring the connectivity among nodes and minimizing the communication cost of all nodes. The UMBIC protocol rotates the role of cluster heads among the nodes only if the residual energy of one of the current cluster heads less than the energy threshold, as a result the time computational and overheads are saved. Simulation results show that, compared with other protocols, the UMBIC protocol can effectively improve the network lifetime, solve the hot spot problem and balance the energy consumption among all nodes in the network. Moreover, it has less overheads and computational complexity.