Nowadays, in such problematic water situation in Egypt, as one of the River Nile basin countries, on the light of what is being said recently about the dangerous effects of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Egypt's share of the Nile water. The Egyptian attention was directed to study the transboundary water problems all over the world, for making sense about the most proper methods for dealing successfully with the water shortage problems in some of basin countries. The present study focused on the successful experiences in the management and development of international river basins worldwide for highlighting and analyzing the most applicable succeeded experiences, as well as studying the possibility of implementing these experiences in other basins especially in the River Nile basin. The study proved that; overcoming the water scarcity problems in Egypt and increasing the Nile water yield for all the basin countries, can be achieved, first of all, through serious cooperation among all the basin countries for minimizing the river huge water losses (more than 1480 Billion Cubic Meters per year which represents roughly 90% of the whole basin income), in addition to make use of the succeeded technical and political experiences implemented in other international river basins, mentioned in the present study.

Nowadays, in such problematic water situation in Egypt, as one of the River Nile basin countries, on the light of what is being said recently about the dangerous effects of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Egypt's share of the Nile water. The Egyptian attention was directed to study the transboundary water problems all over the world, for making sense about the most proper methods for dealing successfully with the water shortage problems in some of basin countries. The present study focused on the successful experiences in the management and development of international river basins worldwide for highlighting and analyzing the most applicable succeeded experiences, as well as studying the possibility of implementing these experiences in other basins especially in the River Nile basin. The study proved that; overcoming the water scarcity problems in Egypt and increasing the Nile water yield for all the basin countries, can be achieved, first of all, through serious cooperation among all the basin countries for minimizing the river huge water losses (more than 1480 Billion Cubic Meters per year which represents roughly 90% of the whole basin income), in addition to make use of the succeeded technical and political experiences implemented in other international river basins, mentioned in the present study.

Nowadays, in such problematic water situation in Egypt, as one of the River Nile basin countries, on the light of what is being said recently about the dangerous effects of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Egypt's share of the Nile water. The Egyptian attention was directed to study the transboundary water problems all over the world, for making sense about the most proper methods for dealing successfully with the water shortage problems in some of basin countries. The present study focused on the successful experiences in the management and development of international river basins worldwide for highlighting and analyzing the most applicable succeeded experiences, as well as studying the possibility of implementing these experiences in other basins especially in the River Nile basin. The study proved that; overcoming the water scarcity problems in Egypt and increasing the Nile water yield for all the basin countries, can be achieved, first of all, through serious cooperation among all the basin countries for minimizing the river huge water losses (more than 1480 Billion Cubic Meters per year which represents roughly 90% of the whole basin income), in addition to make use of the succeeded technical and political experiences implemented in other international river basins, mentioned in the present study.

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In plumbing water systems (PWSs), there are two main layouts for water pipe networks (WPNs) within buildings: branched and looped layouts. The aim of this study is to introduce an approach for improving the performance of PWSs using looped water pipe networks within buildings. This approach is applied to a case study of branched configuration that is firstly changed to a looped configuration with the same pipe diameters, secondly to a looped configuration with the same discharge and velocity, and thirdly to the same branched configuration with double the pipe diameters. All cases were analyzed for cost and hydraulic reliability in terms of resilience index, minimum surplus head, failure index and demand node’s flow path. EPANET software was used for hydraulic analysis of all cases. It is concluded from this study that replacing branched configuration of PWSs by looped configuration improves the hydraulic reliability and minimizes the costs of the PWSs.

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