The effect of temperature in the range of 300–450 K and the indium content on the electrical and thermoelectric properties of Ge20Se80−xInx (0.0≤x≤24 at%) chalcogenide glassy thin films have been studied. From dc electrical and thermoelectric measurements, it was observed that the activation energies for electrical conductivity (ΔE) and for thermoelectric (ΔEs) decrease while the conductivity (σ) and Seebeck coefficient (S) increase upon introducing In into the Ge–Se glasses. In contrast to the behavior obtained with Bi or Pb doping, In incorporated in Ge–Se does not lead to a p-to n-type conduction inversion. The power factor (P) which is strongly depends on both of the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity. According to the obtained results, the Ge20Se80−xInx films can be considered potential candidates for incurring high action thermoelectric materials.

Different compositions of amorphous Ge15Se85-xCux thin films were deposited onto glass substrates by the thermal evaporation technique. Their amorphous structural characteristics were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optical constants (n, k) of amorphous Ge15Se85-xCux thin films were obtained by fitting the ellipsometric parameters (j and D) data for the first time using three layers model system in the wavelength range 300e1100 nm. It was found that the refractive index, n, increases with the increase of Cu content. The possible optical transition in these films is found to be indirect transitions. The optical energy gap decreases linearly from 1.83 to 1.44 eV with increasing the Cu. The experimental transmittances spectrum can be simulated using the thickness and optical constants modeled by spectroscopic ellipsometry model.

The variations in structure and optical properties of amorphous a-Se and a-M5Se95 (M = Ge, Ga and Zn) films have been studied based on FTIR and optical measurements. FTIR transmittance spectra for a-Se and a-M5Se95 (M = Ge, Ga and Zn) glasses were measured as a function of wavenumber. The addition of Ge, Ga and Zn increases the vibrational frequency of the a-Se main band. The absorption edge of Ge5Se95 shifted towards long side of the wavelength in comparison with that of a-Se film. This shift increases gradually in the case of Ga5Se95 and Zn5Se95 films. So, the optical bandgap ofM5Se95 films was decreased, but the index of refraction was increased. The first and third order of electric susceptibility (χ(1) and χ(3)) and non-linear index of refraction (n2) were increased by adding Ge, Ga and Zn into a-Se.

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Porous anodic alumina (PAA) templates have been extensively studied due to their unique morphology and extensive applications.The fabrication of PAAcan bemodulated to achieve a self-ordered pore structure with desired pore size and interpore separation.PAAthin film templateswere fabricated fromsilicon doped aluminumfilm,Al-1wt%Si, based on one-step anodization method at 22 °C. Effects of anodizing potential (10–20V) as well as sulfuric acid concentrations (0.6–1.8M) on current density, interpore distance, anodization rate, and volume expansion were evaluated.The results indicated that current density increased largely exponentially with a concentration of the electrolyte at a given anodizing voltage. In addition, distinct andwell-ordered pores were obtained for anodization conducted at 15Vand 20 V. The volume expansion factor is proportional to the applied voltage. At 1.8Msulfuric acid, the expansion factor increases with pore regularity with 1.4 considered as the transition point.Theminimumcurrent density (2.1±0.15mAcm−2) was observed at theminimumanodizing condition (0.6M, 10V).Also,maximumanodizing condition (1.8M, 20V) resulted in the highest current density of 34±4mAcm−2.As expected, anodization time decreaseswith an increase in both anodization voltage and electrolyte concentration.

Ge-In-Se system, similar to many other chalcogenide glasses, has attracted much attention due to its interesting physical properties and applications. This article reports thermal analysis and estimation of activation energies of the glass transition and amorphous-crystallization transformation of Ge13In8Se79 chalcogenide glass. The kinetic parameters were investigated under a non-isothermal condition at different heating rates (7–40 K/min) using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique. The amorphous nature of the samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The activation energy was calculated from DSC data using five isoconversional methods: Kissinger–Akahira– Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Tang, Starink, and Vyazovkin. The results confirm that the activation energy of crystallization varies and depends on the degree of crystallization as well as temperature. It was also observed that the transformation from amorphous to the crystalline structure is complex involving different mechanisms of nucleation, diffusion, and growth.

The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of fresh sushi in Egypt. Fifty samples of sushi (Salmo salar) were collected from restaurants in Alexandria, Egypt. Paraffin, semi-thin and ultra-thin sections were used for parasitological analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy. Bacteria were isolated by the dilution plate and direct plate methods and identified by a Vitek system. Twenty (40%) of the total examined samples showed microsporidia and helminth metacercariae infections. Histochemical stains showed distinct pinkish-red pyriform microspores embedded in muscular tissue stained with Gram, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) stains. Semi-thin sections showed double membrane xenoma-inducing granulomas containing spores at different developmental stages. Empty sporophorous vesicles and free spores were observed in the electron microscopic images. A bacteriological assay showed forty samples (80%) contaminated with human pathogenic bacteria with the average total bacterial counts ranging from 32 to 526 CFU/g. Four species of human pathogenic bacteria were identified in the examined samples, namely Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Serratia plymuthica in 40, 38, 11, and 6 samples, respectively. These constitute the first record of fresh sushi product in Egypt and indicate the potential pathogenicity associated with raw seafood products.

The present study aims to investigate the histological, histochemical and electron microscopic changes of the caecal proximal part of Japanese quail during both pre- and post-hatching periods starting from the 2nd embryonic day (ED) until four weeks post-hatching. On the 2nd and 3rd ED, the primordia of caeca appeared as bilateral swelling on the wall of the hindgut. On the 7th ED, the lamina propria/submucosa contained the primordia of glands. On the 8th ED, rodlet cells could be observed amongst the epithelial cells. On the 9th ED, the caeca began to divide into three parts with more developed layers. With age, the height and number of villi increased. On the 13th ED, immature microfold cells (M-cells) could be identified between the surface epithelium of the villi. The caecal tonsils (CTs) appeared in the form of aggregations of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and different types of leukocytes. Telocytes and crypts of Lieberkuhn were observed at this age. On hatching day, the crypts of Lieberkuhn were well-defined and formed of low columnar epithelium, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Posthatching, the lumen was filled with villi that exhibited two forms: (1) tongue-shaped villi with tonsils and (2) finger-shaped ones without tonsils. The villi lining epithelium contained simple columnar cells with microvilli that were dispersed with many goblet cells, in addition to the presence of a high number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes and basophils. Moreover, the submucosa was infiltrated by numerous immune cells. CD3 immunomarker was expressed in intraepithelial lymphocytes, while CD20 immunomarker showed focal positivity in CTs. In conclusion, the caecal immune structures of quails at post-hatching were more developed than those in pre-hatching life. The high frequency of immune cells suggests that this proximal part may be a site for immunological surveillance in the quail caecum. The cellular organisation of the caecum and its relation to the immunity was discussed.

The present study aims to investigate the histological, histochemical and electron microscopic changes of the caecal proximal part of Japanese quail during both pre- and post-hatching periods starting from the 2nd embryonic day (ED) until four weeks post-hatching. On the 2nd and 3rd ED, the primordia of caeca appeared as bilateral swelling on the wall of the hindgut. On the 7th ED, the lamina propria/submucosa contained the primordia of glands. On the 8th ED, rodlet cells could be observed amongst the epithelial cells. On the 9th ED, the caeca began to divide into three parts with more developed layers. With age, the height and number of villi increased. On the 13th ED, immature microfold cells (M-cells) could be identified between the surface epithelium of the villi. The caecal tonsils (CTs) appeared in the form of aggregations of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and different types of leukocytes. Telocytes and crypts of Lieberkuhn were observed at this age. On hatching day, the crypts of Lieberkuhn were well-defined and formed of low columnar epithelium, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Posthatching, the lumen was filled with villi that exhibited two forms: (1) tongue-shaped villi with tonsils and (2) finger-shaped ones without tonsils. The villi lining epithelium contained simple columnar cells with microvilli that were dispersed with many goblet cells, in addition to the presence of a high number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes and basophils. Moreover, the submucosa was infiltrated by numerous immune cells. CD3 immunomarker was expressed in intraepithelial lymphocytes, while CD20 immunomarker showed focal positivity in CTs. In conclusion, the caecal immune structures of quails at post-hatching were more developed than those in pre-hatching life. The high frequency of immune cells suggests that this proximal part may be a site for immunological surveillance in the quail caecum. The cellular organisation of the caecum and its relation to the immunity was discussed.

The seaweed Cystoseira trinodis was fermented by different fungi prior to extraction of fucoidan and alginate to enhance their antioxidative potential. All the investigated fungi were able to produce fucoidanase (1.05–3.41 U/ml) and alginate lyase (7.27–18.59 U/mL). Different fungal species induced a reduction in the molecular weight (MW) of fucoidan and alginate in comparison to the unfermented control. The MW of fucoidan reduced by 41–81.5%, while the MW of alginate was reduced by 28–75%, depending on the fungal species. Significant increases in the fucose and sulphate contents of fucoidan and mannuronic/guluronic acid ratio of alginate were induced by fungal fermentation. Fungal pretreatment enhanced the ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of both fucoidan and alginate. Additionally, enzymatic pretreatment of the macroalgal biomass assisted in the recovery of fucoidan and alginate with low molecular weight and enhanced antioxidative potential.