Six buffalo bulls with an average body weight 311.3 ± 0.74 kg were used in the experiment. Bulls were divided randomly into two groups (3 bulls each) according to their live body weight. The first group was served as a control whereas bulls of the second one were implanted with zeranol (36 mg) three times at 0, 75 and 150 d at the base of the left ear. Bulls were weighed every two weeks and slaughtered 150 days after the last implantation. The overall slaughter body weight mean was 503.33 ± 9.54 kg at 300 d. Average body weights at 75 d, the control and zeranol groups were not differed but at 150 and 225 d the zeranol group was highly differed and not significantly than control group by 0.38 % and 4.7 %, respectively. The treated group had higher total daily gain at the end of fattening period by 14.9 % than the control group. Daily gain at 75, 150 and 225 d of treated group, increased by 5.52 %, 16.49 % and 17.87 % than the control group, respectively. Averages daily gain at different periods of implantation, from 1 to 75 d they were nearly equal. Treated group had 0.852 ± 0.076 vs. 0.822 ± 0.108 kg at 75 d to 150 d and 0.669 ± 0.039 vs. 0.407 ± 0.056 kg at 150 to 225 d periods with significant (P0.05) increase at the last period by 64.37 %. Dressing percentage either based on slaughter body weight (53.6 ± 1.07 vs. 53.47 ± 1.64 %) or based on empty body weight (61.31 ± 1.84 vs. 62.63 ± 1.08 %) was not significantly differed between the control and zeranol groups. The edible and non-edible parts percentages were nearly close to each other between groups. Only the total internal body fat (kidney and digestive tract fat) percentages were differed significantly (P0.05), where the control group was 3.9 % and zeranol group had the lower percentage 1.64 %. Also, the testes percentages of control and treated groups were the same 0.07 %. Choice meat cuts (round, sirloin and fillet) were 57.49 ± 1.72 and 57.54 ± 1.95 % for control and zeranol treated buffalo bulls, respectively. Shoulder meat cut percentage (ratio of left side) of zeranol group was 19.71 ± 0.15 % higher than control one (19.02 ± 0.17 %). Fillet meat cut of the control group was 1.97 ± 0.18 % significantly higher (P 0.05) than treated group (1.50 ± 0.03 %).The Psoas major and minor muscles in control group (containing intermuscular fat) had higher significant (P 0.01) percentage 2.10 ± 0.08 % than the zeranol treated animals (1.50 ± 0.03 %). The Longisimus Dorsi muscle percentage (ratio of the left side and best rib cut) which had been dissected from the best ribs meat cut (9th – 11th ribs) was significantly (P 0.05) higher for zeranol treated group 0.80 ± 0.02 % and 28.42 ± 2.08 % than the control one (0.59 ± 0.07 & 21.13 ± 1.15 %). Boneless tissues of retail meat cuts percentages zeranol implanted buffalo bulls had almost high percentages as a ratio of each retail meat cut. Chilled best ribs joint percent was higher in control group (1.78 ± 0.11 %) than zeranol one (1.11 ± 0.24 %) and the expressible fluid percent was higher but not significant in control group (26.13 ± 1.85 %) compared with zeranol group (24.89 ± 1.14 %). Cooking loss percentages were also correlated to shrinkage percent where the highly shrinkage meat had lesser dripping and cooking losses percentages for the control group. Differences were not significant between groups. Lean meat of dissected best rib cut zeranol group was highly significant (P0.01) than the control. Bone percentages and intermuscular fat were higher in untreated group than treated one and these differences were not significant. For the chemical analysis of Longissimus Dorsi muscle (dry matter, protein contents, intramuscular fat and ash percentages), no significant differences between treated and non-treated groups were found.

Discerning the genetic diversity of any crop species provides insight into the strength of an applied breeding program and directs future breeding strategies aimed at long-term genetic gain and minimized genetic vulnerability. The number and abundance of ancestral parents present in the pedigree of crop cultivars can provide an average estimation of the depth of the genetic base of the overall crop improvement program. The objectives of this study were to estimate (1) the genetic similarity among 33 Egyptian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and different eras of release (1947-2004) and productivity groups based on COP values, and (2) the relative genetic contribution and abundance of ancestral parents from different geographical origins to the total gene pool of Egyptian wheat cultivars. Broad genetic diversity was observed among 33 Egyptian cultivars with average COP value of 0.11 and large numbers of ancestral parents (155 landraces) traced to 31 countries. The genetic base ranged from very low in pre 1960’s cultivars such as ‘Giza 139’ (with only 3 landraces in the background) to very high in modern cultivars such as ‘Gemmeiza-7’ (with 73 landraces in the background). ‘Hindi-62’, ‘Red Fife’, ‘Hard Red Calcutta’ and ‘Akagomughi’ were the major ancestors with 6, 5, 4, and 4% of total genetic contribution to the Egyptian wheat gene pool, respectively. Egypt, United States of America, Kenya and Ukraine were the major source countries with 16, 11, 9 and 7% of total genetic contribution to this gene pool, respectively. Though Marquis-Thatcher germplasm from North America has the greatest influence on overall Egyptian cultivars, Mexican-based sources of dwarfing and high yield, derived from ancestors such as ‘Akagomughi’ and ‘Daruma’ and exploited by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), were very prominent in Egyptian cultivars post 1970’s.

الاستهلاك عبارة عن استخدام السلع والخدمات مباشرة وبصفة نهائية لإسباع حاجات الأفراد، والمستهلك هو الذى يؤثر على السعر ويقود الإنتاج، فالإنسان ينتج ليستهلك، وينتج ما يستهلك ويستهلك ما ينتج، ولذلك تهدف الدراسة معرفة الأهمية النسبية للإنفاق السنوى للأسرة على كل من مجموعات الغذاء من ناحية، ومجموعة الحبوب والخبز فى ريف وحضر مصر من ناحية أخرى، وكذلك دراسة التباين للأهمية النسبية لمجموعة الحبوب والخبز والفئات الدخلية من ناحية أخرى. ثم معرفة العلاقة بين متوسط الإنفاق على مجموعة الحبوب والخبز والإنفاق الاستهلاكي الكلي وحجم الأسرة من ناحية، ومقارنة الأنماط الاستهلاكية لسلع تلك المجموعة فى كل من ريف وحشر مصر من ناحية أخرى.