Twenty six yellow maize in-bred lines were topcrossed with three testers, i.e. inbred line Gm-1002, inbred line Gm-1021 and SC-155 at Mallawy Agric. Res. Station to produce 78 topcrosses. The crosses were evaluated at two locations, Gemmeiza (Gm) and Mallawy (Mall) Agric. Res. Stations in 2005 season.. In 2006 season two experiments were carried out at Gemmeiza and Mallawy Agric. Res. Station to evaluate 52 single crosses, 26 three way crosses (TWC) and three check hybrids, namely; SC-155, SC Pioneer-3084 and TWC-352 for days to 50% silking, ear length, no. of rows/ear, no. of kernels/row, 100-kernel weight and grain yield/plot . Combined analysis over the two locations revealed that the mean squares due to crosses, lines, testers and line x tester were significant or highly significant for the studied traits, except testers and line x tester for no. of rows/ear. The interactions of crosses, lines and testers x location were significant or highly significant for the stud-ied traits, except the crosses x location for no. of rows/ear, lines x location for grain yield (Kg/plot) and tester x location for no. of rows/ear and 100-kernel weight. Mean squares due to lines x testers x location interac-tion were highly significant for ear length and no. of kernels/row. The combined data showed that variance magnitude due to σ2 GCA-L was higher than σ2 GCA-T for all studied traits, except grain yield (Kg/plot), indicating that most of the total GCA vari-ance was due to lines. The ratio σ2A/σ2D was less than unity for no. of kernels/row and grain yield/plot, indicating that the dominance gene action played an important role in the inheritance of these traits. On the other side, the ratio σ2A/σ2D was more than unity for days to 50% silking, ear length and 100-kernel weight. For grain yield per plot, the combined data revealed that six single crosses (L-13, 9, 14 and L-1 x Gm-1021) and (L-8 and L-9 x Gm-1002) outyielded the best check hybrid SC-3084 by 23.47, 21.64, 19.75, 14.50, 13.66 and 9.45%, respectively. The best 3-way crosses were L-1, 20, 3, 7, 22 and L-25 x SC-155. These 3-way crosses out yielded the check hybrid TWC-352 by 43.1036.19, 34.05, 32.14, 28.57 and 28.33%, respectively. The best GCA effects were inbred lines no. 1, 10, 13, 14 and 16 for days to 50% silking; lines no. 1, 3, 7and 11for ear length; lines no.8, 10, 14, 17, 20 and 24 for no. of rows/ear; lines no.7 and 23 For no. of kernels/row; lines no. 6, 7, 11 and 12 For 100-kernel weight. With respect to grain yield/plot, seven inbred lines (no.1, 9, 3, 7, 8, 20 and 13) over locations had positive and significant GCA effects. The best SCA effects were 4, 5, 1, 4 and 1 topcrosses for earli-ness, ear length, no. of rows per ear, no. of kernels per row and 100 kernel weight Regarding grain yield/plot based on the combined data, the highest SCA estimates were detected from the topcrosses (line-13 x Gm-1021), (line-14 x Gm-1021), (line-8 x Gm-1002), (line-15 x Gm-1002), (line-25 x SC-155), (line-19 x Gm-1021), (line-1 x SC-155), (line-20 x SC-155) and (line-21 x Gm-1002).

The main objective of this paper is to detect spatial and socio-economic changes in Shoeshai village, Ashmoon district, Menoufiah governorate, Egypt through the period 1930 – 2012. GIS Arc Map 10 was applied using the village maps obtained from Google Earth and other secondary sources. 2120 buildings of the village were identified and surveyed. Data concerning different aspects of change were gathered using pre-constructed questionnaires. SPSS was used for data processing and analysis. Results showed that great changes have occurred in different spatial and socio-economic aspects. Some of these changes may reflect improvements occurred in standard of living of Shoeshi inhabitants. Some other changes may have negative effect on agricultural sustainability of the village. Great efforts are needed to be devoted by the government and the extension organization to encourage people to conserve agricultural lands in order to achieve agricultural sustainability in Egypt.

Twenty six yellow maize in-bred lines were topcrossed with three testers, i.e. inbred line Gm-1002, inbred line Gm-1021 and SC-155 at Mallawy Agric. Res. Station to produce 78 topcrosses. The crosses were evaluated at two locations, Gemmeiza (Gm) and Mallawy (Mall) Agric. Res. Stations in 2005 season.. In 2006 season two experiments were carried out at Gemmeiza and Mallawy Agric. Res. Station to evaluate 52 single crosses, 26 three way crosses (TWC) and three check hybrids, namely; SC-155, SC Pioneer-3084 and TWC-352 for days to 50% silking, ear length, no. of rows/ear, no. of kernels/row, 100-kernel weight and grain yield/plot . Combined analysis over the two locations revealed that the mean squares due to crosses, lines, testers and line x tester were significant or highly significant for the studied traits, except testers and line x tester for no. of rows/ear. The interactions of crosses, lines and testers x location were significant or highly significant for the stud-ied traits, except the crosses x location for no. of rows/ear, lines x location for grain yield (Kg/plot) and tester x location for no. of rows/ear and 100-kernel weight. Mean squares due to lines x testers x location interac-tion were highly significant for ear length and no. of kernels/row. The combined data showed that variance magnitude due to σ2 GCA-L was higher than σ2 GCA-T for all studied traits, except grain yield (Kg/plot), indicating that most of the total GCA vari-ance was due to lines. The ratio σ2A/σ2D was less than unity for no. of kernels/row and grain yield/plot, indicating that the dominance gene action played an important role in the inheritance of these traits. On the other side, the ratio σ2A/σ2D was more than unity for days to 50% silking, ear length and 100-kernel weight. For grain yield per plot, the combined data revealed that six single crosses (L-13, 9, 14 and L-1 x Gm-1021) and (L-8 and L-9 x Gm-1002) outyielded the best check hybrid SC-3084 by 23.47, 21.64, 19.75, 14.50, 13.66 and 9.45%, respectively. The best 3-way crosses were L-1, 20, 3, 7, 22 and L-25 x SC-155. These 3-way crosses out yielded the check hybrid TWC-352 by 43.1036.19, 34.05, 32.14, 28.57 and 28.33%, respectively. The best GCA effects were inbred lines no. 1, 10, 13, 14 and 16 for days to 50% silking; lines no. 1, 3, 7and 11for ear length; lines no.8, 10, 14, 17, 20 and 24 for no. of rows/ear; lines no.7 and 23 For no. of kernels/row; lines no. 6, 7, 11 and 12 For 100-kernel weight. With respect to grain yield/plot, seven inbred lines (no.1, 9, 3, 7, 8, 20 and 13) over locations had positive and significant GCA effects. The best SCA effects were 4, 5, 1, 4 and 1 topcrosses for earli-ness, ear length, no. of rows per ear, no. of kernels per row and 100 kernel weight Regarding grain yield/plot based on the combined data, the highest SCA estimates were detected from the topcrosses (line-13 x Gm-1021), (line-14 x Gm-1021), (line-8 x Gm-1002), (line-15 x Gm-1002), (line-25 x SC-155), (line-19 x Gm-1021), (line-1 x SC-155), (line-20 x SC-155) and (line-21 x Gm-1002).

The influence of deficit irrigation, amino acids (AA) treatments and their combinations on growth, yield and volatile oil content of (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plant was investigated. Three irrigation treatments were applied in this study. The first treatment was 100% of the field capacity (FC) as a control. The second and third treatments were received 80% and 60% of the FC, respectively as deficit irrigation treatments. AA was applied at 0, 1, 2 and 4 ml L-1. Deficit irrigation treatments significantly reduced the growth parameters, herb and oil yields, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and N, P and K percentages compared to the control. However, deficit irrigation increased the volatile oil percentage and total carbohydrates. Increasing AA level significantly increased all the previous parameters and the best results were obtained by applying the highest AA level (4 ml L-1). The treatment of 100% FC combined with 4 ml L-1AA was the most effective treatment. The GC results of volatile oil showed that the main components were α-pinine, camphine, 1,8-cineol, verbinone and borneol and were affected by irrigation and AA treatments. Results indicated that there is a high potential for saving water by using amino acids with lower irrigation levels in rosemary production since AA partially alleviated the negative effects of deficit irrigation.