Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of weather factors and certain insecticides on the population of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under cotton field conditions during 2013 and 2014 seasons. The cotton whitefly population started with average number of 0.83 and 0.33 insects/ plant in the 4th and the 2nd weeks of April and progressively increased throughout May and June during both seasons. The peak population of cotton whitefly reached 3.12 and 2.53 insects/ plant in average the 4th week of May and the 1st week of June. The results revealed that the relative humidity showed high significant negative correlation with the whitefly population, whereas, the maximum and minimum temperatures showed non-significant positive correlation. The foliar application of selected insecticides on the cotton whitefly under field conditions showed that all treatments caused significant reduction to whitefly population at 1, 7, 15 and 21 days after treatment as compared to the control. Thiamethoxam, malathion, and pirimicarb showed non- significant differences between them; and gave high efficiency reduction in whitefly population, as compared to acetamiprid, imidacloprid and dinotefuran. Thiamethoxam induced a maximum reduction in whitefly population with an average reduction of 80.72%. Malathion and pirimicarb showed similar effect with an average reduction of 50.23 to 46.82%. In contrast acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate results and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 20.08 and 38.88% during 2013 season. During 2014 season, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam caused the highest population reduction with an average 70.43 and 60.63%, whereas, acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate effect and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 44.78 and 45.48%. Results of this study indicated that the foliar application of neonicotinoid insecticides were highly effective against cotton whitefly, followed by pirimicarb and malathion in cotton fields.

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of weather factors and certain insecticides on the population of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under cotton field conditions during 2013 and 2014 seasons. The cotton whitefly population started with average number of 0.83 and 0.33 insects/ plant in the 4th and the 2nd weeks of April and progressively increased throughout May and June during both seasons. The peak population of cotton whitefly reached 3.12 and 2.53 insects/ plant in average the 4th week of May and the 1st week of June. The results revealed that the relative humidity showed high significant negative correlation with the whitefly population, whereas, the maximum and minimum temperatures showed non-significant positive correlation. The foliar application of selected insecticides on the cotton whitefly under field conditions showed that all treatments caused significant reduction to whitefly population at 1, 7, 15 and 21 days after treatment as compared to the control. Thiamethoxam, malathion, and pirimicarb showed non- significant differences between them; and gave high efficiency reduction in whitefly population, as compared to acetamiprid, imidacloprid and dinotefuran. Thiamethoxam induced a maximum reduction in whitefly population with an average reduction of 80.72%. Malathion and pirimicarb showed similar effect with an average reduction of 50.23 to 46.82%. In contrast acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate results and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 20.08 and 38.88% during 2013 season. During 2014 season, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam caused the highest population reduction with an average 70.43 and 60.63%, whereas, acetamiprid and dinotefuran showed intermediate effect and were statistically similar in their efficiency with an average reduction of 44.78 and 45.48%. Results of this study indicated that the foliar application of neonicotinoid insecticides were highly effective against cotton whitefly, followed by pirimicarb and malathion in cotton fields.

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Native potato starch was suspended in distilled water at starch: water ratio of 1:3 (w/v). The starch-water suspensions were then subjected to repeated annealing treatments (RANN) at 55 °C for 12 h, repeated for 8 cycles or continuous annealing treatments (CANN) at 55 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The structural, physiochemical and digestive properties of the annealed starch samples were studied and compared with those of the native starch. The scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy analysis showed that the repeated and continuous annealing treatments could keep the integrity and surface perfection of the starch granules. The growth rings of the annealed starch granules were more distinct than those of the native starch granules as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The crystallinity degree increased and the crystalline retained the B-type pattern after the annealing treatments. There were no chemical bonds and functional groups produced or disappeared during the applied annealing treatments. Infrared absorption peak intensity of starch decreased and short-range ordered structures increased after treatments. The swelling power and solubility decreased at low temperature (50 to 60 °C) and increased at relatively high temperature (70 to 90 °C). The rapid visco-analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter analysis revealed an increase in the setback, final viscosity, pasting temperature and gelatinization transition temperature, and a decrease in breakdown value of the starch after the annealing treatments. On the other hand, the repeated and continuous annealing treatments resulted in starch with low in vitro digestibility degree, indicating formation of resistant starch. Generally, the repeated annealing treatment resulted in starch with high improved properties compared with the starch resulted from the continuous annealing treatments. Therefore, the repeated annealing treatments can be suggested as an effective method for producing of modified starch for food industrial applications.

Broken rice-based flour was incorporated with 15, 30, and 45% (w/w) of stabilized rice bran and extruded by a co-rotating twin-screw extruder at temperatures of 90, 120 and 150 οC to produce extrudates with potential health benefits. The changes in physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the rice flour after the incorporation with SRB and extrusion were determined. The peak viscosity and thermal enthalpy (△Hg, J/g) of the rice flour declined as the incorporated amount of SRB and extrusion temperature increased. The incorporation of SRB improved the water absorption and reduced the water solubility of the rice flour; while both indexes enhanced after extrusion at certain temperatures. The incorporation of SRB and extrusion resulted in extrudates with higher content of resistant starch. Furthermore, the incorporation of SRB enhanced the free, bound, and total phenolic content of the rice flour. However, free and total phenolics content tended to decrease with the increase in extrusion temperature. DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP activities were found to be consistent with the phenolic content of samples. The obtained results suggest that rice flour based extrudates with potential health benefits can be produced through the incorporation of rice flour with stabilized rice bran and extrusion cooking.

Native potato starch was suspended in distilled water at starch: water ratio of 1:3 (w/v). The starch-water suspensions were then subjected to repeated annealing treatments (RANN) at 55 °C for 12 h, repeated for 8 cycles or continuous annealing treatments (CANN) at 55 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The structural, physiochemical and digestive properties of the annealed starch samples were studied and compared with those of the native starch. The scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy analysis showed that the repeated and continuous annealing treatments could keep the integrity and surface perfection of the starch granules. The growth rings of the annealed starch granules were more distinct than those of the native starch granules as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The crystallinity degree increased and the crystalline retained the B-type pattern after the annealing treatments. There were no chemical bonds and functional groups produced or disappeared during the applied annealing treatments. Infrared absorption peak intensity of starch decreased and short-range ordered structures increased after treatments. The swelling power and solubility decreased at low temperature (50 to 60 oC) and increased at relatively high temperature (70 to 90 oC). The rapid visco-analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter analysis revealed an increase in the setback, final viscosity, pasting temperature and gelatinization transition temperature, and a decrease in breakdown value of the starch after the annealing treatments. On the other hand, the repeated and continuous annealing treatments resulted in starch with low in vitro digestibility degree, indicating formation of resistant starch. Generally, the repeated annealing treatment resulted in starch with high improved properties compared with the starch resulted from the continuous annealing treatments. Therefore, the repeated annealing treatments can be suggested as an effective method for producing of modified starch for food industrial applications.

ABSTRACT:The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposing pre-mature Dandarawi roosters to different light-emitting diode (LED) light colors on testicular development, serum testosterone levels, and sperm motility and velocity. Seventy-five roosters, 16 weeks old, were assigned to 5 experimental groups each with three replicates of five birds per pen. Roosters of each experimental group were subjected to a different light colorusing Nine-watt red, yellow, green, blue and white LED bulbs from 16 to 36 weeks of age. Twenty-five semen pools were obtained over the last ten weeks (5 pools from each treatment) to evaluate sperm motility and velocity. Blood serum was collected to evaluate testosterone levels and the testicular growth was assessed. The results showed that green light hindered the testicular growth and had adverse effects on almost all studied semen traits (P0.05). Both green and blue light significantly lowered circulating testosterone levels compared to other experimental groups (P0.0001). Roosters subjected to red light exhibited significantly higher percentages of total and progressive motile spermatozoa, a greater number of spermatozoa per ml, higher values of curve linear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP) and straight linear velocity (VSL) and finally lower percentages of slow sperm as compared with roosters exposed to green, blue and white light. Roosters exposed to yellow light showed comparable results of testicular growth, serum testosteroneconcentrations and percentages of total motile, progressive and rapid spermatozoa to those exposed to red light. These results indicate that red and yellow light has better effects on reproduction and sperm quality than white and blue light, and thatgreen light imposes adverse effects on reproduction in Dandarawi roosters.

ABSTRACT:The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposing pre-mature Dandarawi roosters to different light-emitting diode (LED) light colors on testicular development, serum testosterone levels, and sperm motility and velocity. Seventy-five roosters, 16 weeks old, were assigned to 5 experimental groups each with three replicates of five birds per pen. Roosters of each experimental group were subjected to a different light colorusing Nine-watt red, yellow, green, blue and white LED bulbs from 16 to 36 weeks of age. Twenty-five semen pools were obtained over the last ten weeks (5 pools from each treatment) to evaluate sperm motility and velocity. Blood serum was collected to evaluate testosterone levels and the testicular growth was assessed. The results showed that green light hindered the testicular growth and had adverse effects on almost all studied semen traits (P0.05). Both green and blue light significantly lowered circulating testosterone levels compared to other experimental groups (P0.0001). Roosters subjected to red light exhibited significantly higher percentages of total and progressive motile spermatozoa, a greater number of spermatozoa per ml, higher values of curve linear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP) and straight linear velocity (VSL) and finally lower percentages of slow sperm as compared with roosters exposed to green, blue and white light. Roosters exposed to yellow light showed comparable results of testicular growth, serum testosteroneconcentrations and percentages of total motile, progressive and rapid spermatozoa to those exposed to red light. These results indicate that red and yellow light has better effects on reproduction and sperm quality than white and blue light, and thatgreen light imposes adverse effects on reproduction in Dandarawi roosters.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of orally administration of bee pollen (BP) levels at 500 and 1000mg/buck as capsules form on semen physical characteristics as well as some hematological and physiological traits of rabbit bucks exposed to high temperature under Upper Egypt climatic conditions. A total of 30 rabbit bucks (15 V-line & 15 Moshtohor); 52 weeks old, were equally classified into three experimental groups. Bucks in the 1st group (control) were fed on a commercial ration, while those in the 2nd and 3rd groups were fed on the basal diet and orally administered daily with 500 and 1000mg BP/buck, respectively during the experiment, which lasted 56 days. The obtained findings revealed that the means of white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hg), Hematocrit (HCT), MCV (%), total protein (TP) of Moshtohor rabbit bucks were significantly increased, while the total feed intake (TFI) and glucose level were significantly decreased than those of the V-line rabbit bucks. The means of live sperm (%), mass motility (%), conc./ml (106), conc./ej (106) and testosterone (ng/ml) in Moshtohor bucks increased significantly (P0.01) by about 4.3, 6.0, 24.0, 28.6 and 16.8%, while reaction time (RT) was significantly decreased by about 20.2% than those of V-line bucks. The bucks treated with both of 500 and 1000mg BP /rabbit had significantly (P0.01) increased means of final body weight (FBW), red blood cells (RBCs), WBCs, Hg, HCT, MCV, TP and Alb, glucose and TAC than the corresponding means of the control group. While, the treatment with BP significantly (P0.05) reduced TFI and serum cholestrol. The means of ejaculate volume, live sperms, mass motility, conc./ml and conc./ej. (106) for bucks treated with BP exceeded significantly (P0.01), while the reaction time and sperm abnormalities were significantly (P0.01) decreased as compared with the corresponding figures in the control group. Similarly, the means of glutathione content (GSH) and testosterone hormone concentration were significantly increased in the treated bucks, while the mean malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased as compared with the control group. Conclusively, from the obtained results it could be concluded that treating rabbit bucks raised under high temperature with both of 500 and 1000mg/ buck significantly improved the semen characteristics, blood parameters, antioxidant activities, and testosterone hormone.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of orally administration of bee pollen (BP) levels at 500 and 1000mg/buck as capsules form on semen physical characteristics as well as some hematological and physiological traits of rabbit bucks exposed to high temperature under Upper Egypt climatic conditions. A total of 30 rabbit bucks (15 V-line & 15 Moshtohor); 52 weeks old, were equally classified into three experimental groups. Bucks in the 1st group (control) were fed on a commercial ration, while those in the 2nd and 3rd groups were fed on the basal diet and orally administered daily with 500 and 1000mg BP/buck, respectively during the experiment, which lasted 56 days. The obtained findings revealed that the means of white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hg), Hematocrit (HCT), MCV (%), total protein (TP) of Moshtohor rabbit bucks were significantly increased, while the total feed intake (TFI) and glucose level were significantly decreased than those of the V-line rabbit bucks. The means of live sperm (%), mass motility (%), conc./ml (106), conc./ej (106) and testosterone (ng/ml) in Moshtohor bucks increased significantly (P0.01) by about 4.3, 6.0, 24.0, 28.6 and 16.8%, while reaction time (RT) was significantly decreased by about 20.2% than those of V-line bucks. The bucks treated with both of 500 and 1000mg BP /rabbit had significantly (P0.01) increased means of final body weight (FBW), red blood cells (RBCs), WBCs, Hg, HCT, MCV, TP and Alb, glucose and TAC than the corresponding means of the control group. While, the treatment with BP significantly (P0.05) reduced TFI and serum cholestrol. The means of ejaculate volume, live sperms, mass motility, conc./ml and conc./ej. (106) for bucks treated with BP exceeded significantly (P0.01), while the reaction time and sperm abnormalities were significantly (P0.01) decreased as compared with the corresponding figures in the control group. Similarly, the means of glutathione content (GSH) and testosterone hormone concentration were significantly increased in the treated bucks, while the mean malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased as compared with the control group. Conclusively, from the obtained results it could be concluded that treating rabbit bucks raised under high temperature with both of 500 and 1000mg/ buck significantly improved the semen characteristics, blood parameters, antioxidant activities, and testosterone hormone.