One hundred and eighty, one day old Japanese Quail chicks were randomly assigned into three equal groups, each of 60 chicks to investigate their growth performance, leg problems, breast blisters and airborne dust particulates as well as the litter conditions affected by raising birds on some litters composed of different materials during the period from 0 to 8 weeks of age. Chicks in the first group (control; C) were raised on shopped wheat straw litter, while those in the second and third groups (L1 and L2) were raised on mixed litters composed of 25% of each of rice hulls, wheat straw, wood sawdust and clay as well as on 20 % of each of rice hulls, wheat straw, wood sawdust and 40 % clay, respectively. All birds were raised under similar environmental, managerial and hygienic conditions. The achieved results revealed that birds of the control (C), L1 and L2 groups had almost similar body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion values, while birds of L1 group had significantly (P≤0.05) higher body weight gain and less leg problems, breast blisters, mortality percentages as compared to those of C and L2 groups. There were only very limited differences in the litter moisture percentage, bacterial count, airborne organic dust particulates and ammonia concentrations among the tested litter types. The economic efficiency (EE), in relation to the use of the litter type exceeded remarkably in the L1than those of C and L2 groups. Therefore, the use of the clay at a level of 25% as a component of the litter for growing Japanese quail is highly recommended to achieve good growth performance coincided with adequate litter conditions and airborne dust particulates

One hundred and eighty, one day old Japanese Quail chicks were randomly assigned into three equal groups, each of 60 chicks to investigate their growth performance, leg problems, breast blisters and airborne dust particulates as well as the litter conditions affected by raising birds on some litters composed of different materials during the period from 0 to 8 weeks of age. Chicks in the first group (control; C) were raised on shopped wheat straw litter, while those in the second and third groups (L1 and L2) were raised on mixed litters composed of 25% of each of rice hulls, wheat straw, wood sawdust and clay as well as on 20 % of each of rice hulls, wheat straw, wood sawdust and 40 % clay, respectively. All birds were raised under similar environmental, managerial and hygienic conditions. The achieved results revealed that birds of the control (C), L1 and L2 groups had almost similar body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion values, while birds of L1 group had significantly (P≤0.05) higher body weight gain and less leg problems, breast blisters, mortality percentages as compared to those of C and L2 groups. There were only very limited differences in the litter moisture percentage, bacterial count, airborne organic dust particulates and ammonia concentrations among the tested litter types. The economic efficiency (EE), in relation to the use of the litter type exceeded remarkably in the L1than those of C and L2 groups. Therefore, the use of the clay at a level of 25% as a component of the litter for growing Japanese quail is highly recommended to achieve good growth performance coincided with adequate litter conditions and airborne dust particulates

2015) SUMMARY Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of intermittent feeding and flash lighting regimens on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. In experiment 1, one hundred and twenty, one-day old Cobb chicks were equally distributed into four groups (each consisted of 3 replicates of 10 birds each). Chicks in the first group (G1) were fed ad libitum (Control, C), while the other three groups were fed according to intermittent feeding regimes consisted of different number of cycles per day, each cycle consisted of feeding period (F) followed by fasting period (S). Chicks of the second group (G2) were fed in 2 cycles per day, each of 6 hrs feeding followed by 6 hrs fasting (6F: 6S); chicks of the third group (G3) were fed in three cycles per day, each of 4 hrs feeding followed by 4 hrs fasting (4F: 4S) and chicks of the fourth group (G4) were fed in six cycles per day, each of 2 hrs feeding followed by 2 hrs fasting (2F: 2S). In experiment 2, one hundred and twenty, oneday old Cobb chicks were equally distributed into four groups (each consisted of 3 replicates of 10 birds each). Chicks in the first group (G1) were exposed to continuous light/day (Control, C), while the other three groups were exposed to intermittent flash lighting regimens as follows: the second group (G2) was exposed to 2hrs contiuous light+1hr dark for 8 cycles per day (2CL: 1D); the third group (G3) was exposed to 2hrs continuous light+1hr flash light for 8 cycles per day (2CL: 1FL) and the fourth group (G4) exposed to 1hrs continuous light + 2hrs flash light for 8 cycles per day (1CL: 2FL). The results indicated that intermittent feeding and flash lighting significantly (P≤0.05) affected body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and consequently economic efficiency. However, it had no significant effect (P≥0.05) on most carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters, lymphoid organs and conformation lengths except liver and abdominal fat percentages, tenderness and juiciness of meat, plasma lipids value, percentages of spleen and thymus weight. According to the results of present study and economic evaluation, it could be concluded that, it is possible to use the intermittent feeding regimen of 2F:2S for six cycles/day and flash lighting regimen of 2CL: 1FL for 8 cycled/day in broiler management to improve growth and economic efficiency as well as to reduce abdominal fat without any adverse effect till marketing age with expected considerable saving in costs of feed and (electricity).

2015) SUMMARY Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of intermittent feeding and flash lighting regimens on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. In experiment 1, one hundred and twenty, one-day old Cobb chicks were equally distributed into four groups (each consisted of 3 replicates of 10 birds each). Chicks in the first group (G1) were fed ad libitum (Control, C), while the other three groups were fed according to intermittent feeding regimes consisted of different number of cycles per day, each cycle consisted of feeding period (F) followed by fasting period (S). Chicks of the second group (G2) were fed in 2 cycles per day, each of 6 hrs feeding followed by 6 hrs fasting (6F: 6S); chicks of the third group (G3) were fed in three cycles per day, each of 4 hrs feeding followed by 4 hrs fasting (4F: 4S) and chicks of the fourth group (G4) were fed in six cycles per day, each of 2 hrs feeding followed by 2 hrs fasting (2F: 2S). In experiment 2, one hundred and twenty, oneday old Cobb chicks were equally distributed into four groups (each consisted of 3 replicates of 10 birds each). Chicks in the first group (G1) were exposed to continuous light/day (Control, C), while the other three groups were exposed to intermittent flash lighting regimens as follows: the second group (G2) was exposed to 2hrs contiuous light+1hr dark for 8 cycles per day (2CL: 1D); the third group (G3) was exposed to 2hrs continuous light+1hr flash light for 8 cycles per day (2CL: 1FL) and the fourth group (G4) exposed to 1hrs continuous light + 2hrs flash light for 8 cycles per day (1CL: 2FL). The results indicated that intermittent feeding and flash lighting significantly (P≤0.05) affected body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and consequently economic efficiency. However, it had no significant effect (P≥0.05) on most carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters, lymphoid organs and conformation lengths except liver and abdominal fat percentages, tenderness and juiciness of meat, plasma lipids value, percentages of spleen and thymus weight. According to the results of present study and economic evaluation, it could be concluded that, it is possible to use the intermittent feeding regimen of 2F:2S for six cycles/day and flash lighting regimen of 2CL: 1FL for 8 cycled/day in broiler management to improve growth and economic efficiency as well as to reduce abdominal fat without any adverse effect till marketing age with expected considerable saving in costs of feed and (electricity).

This research investigate the role of light flashes as environmental stimuli during different incubation periods in improving the embryonic development and hatch performance of Rhode Island Red chicken eggs. A total number of 900 hatching eggs were incubated using 1 of 5 light flashes regimens as follows: The first group (control, C) was incubated under dark conditions throughout the whole incubation period. While, the second group (T1) was incubated using light flashes conditions during the 1st week of incubation period. The third group (T2) was incubated using light flashes conditions during the 2nd week of incubation period. The fourth group (T3) was incubated using light flashes conditions during the 3rd week of incubation period. The fifth group (T4) was incubated using light flashes conditions throughout the whole incubation period. Results indicated that incubated light flashes treatments (T3 and T4) had significantly better embryonic development, hatchability and chick weight or relative weight gain than darkness conditions. Percentages of late dead embryo and incubation period (hrs) were significantly lower when egg exposed to light flashes during the 3rd week of incubation compared to others groups. Also, light flashes significantly increased chick breast, liver, ovary and residual yolk sac weight at the 2nd day of age. However, insignificant differences of body temperature, embryonic lengths, embryonic chemical composition, embryonic mortality (early and middle), piped eggs, malpositioned embryos, egg weight loss, yolk-free body mass, chick sex, culled and chick weight loss and quality scores were observed among all experimental groups.

D uring the early ages of growing turkeys, they suffer from eyesight weakness, which delays learning and detection of the offered feed; resulting in adverse effects on their growth rate and marketing age. Consequently, a total number of 180 one-day old indigenous Egyptian turkey chicks were dedicated in this study for evaluating the impacts of using different attracting colors and forms of the offered diet on their growth performance and carcass traits. The birds were allocated in six equal treatments (each of 3 replicates), which were corresponded to non-colored (NM), red (RM) and green (GM) feed in mash form (M) and non-colored, red and green pelleted feed (NP, RP and GP, respectively). The obtained results indicated that colored and pelleted feed affected significantly final body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption & conversion, body temperature, mortality rate and meat quality (juiciness and ether extract %) in local turkey. However, there were no significant differences among treatments in percentages of carcass cut-up parts, plumage conditions, physical and chemical traits of meat (fattiness, water holding capacity, pH, moisture and protein). Finally, considering the economic efficiency as well as the other obtained results, it was observed that the local turkey prefer green mash feed and pellets over non colored and red feed. Consequently, feeds for turkey chicks should be in green mash or pellets form during growing period.

An experiment with Dandarawi chickens was designed to see the impact of flash light (FL) stimulation on productive and reproductive performance. Three hundred, four weeks old chicks were divided into 5 equal groups (3 replicates of 20 birds each) and housed in floor pens. The first group, the birds were subjected to 12 and 16 hrs common light (CL)/day during the growing and laying periods, respectively and were considered as the control group (C). While, the second group (T1), birds were subjected to 12 hrs light (9 CL: 3 FL) and16 h light (12 CL:4 FL) during growing and laying periods, respectively. The third group (T2), birds were subjected to 12 hrs light (6 CL: 6 FL) and16 hrs light (8 CL: 8 FL) during growing and laying periods, respectively. The fourth group (T3), birds were subjected to 12 h light (3 CL: 9 FL) and16 h light (4 CL: 12 FL) during growing and laying periods, respectively. The fifth group (T4), birds were subjected to 12 and 16 hrs flash light (FL)/day during the growing and laying periods, respectively. Feed and water were available ad libtum and all the other conditions were the same during the experimental period. Results emanating from this study indicated that exposure of birds to flash light affected many of the studied traits and the effects were significant (P≤0.05) on body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, liver, giblets, abdominal fat, total lipids, blood AST, H/L ratio, egg number, egg shell thickness, egg yolk index, age at sexual maturity, fertility, semen volume & concentration, follicle number, testes and ovary percentages. While, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in most carcass traits, blood components (protein, cholesterol, ALT), shell strength, Haugh units, egg components, leg problems, plumage conditions, bone lengths, semen pH, oviduct weight & length and hatchability percentages. Finally, the economical efficiency of the birds reared on12 hrs light (6CL: 6FL) during the growing period and birds provided with either 16 hrs of light (4CL: 12FL) for table eggs, as well as (8CL: 8FL) or (4CL: 12FL) for fertile eggs during laying periods were superior to that of birds in other groups. Light flashes program as bio-intermittent light might be economical alternative light to continuous or common light in sight and stimulation of internal organs or initiation of hormones release without negatively affecting the performance and welfare of chickens during growing and laying periods.

من الملاحظ إن الطلب على محاصيل الحبوب الغذائية فى الدول النامية يتأثر بصفة رئيسية بالتغيرات التى تحدث فى الإعداد السكانية التى تتزايد بمعدلات عالية تفوق نظريتها بالدول المتقدمة, وذلك بالإضافة إلى العديد من المتغيرات الأخرى ذات التأثير الفعال على طلب الحبوب والتى يأتى الدخل الفردى الحقيقى فى مقدمتها خصوصاً فى ضوء ما تتسم به مرونة الطلب الدخلية للحبوب من ارتفاع نسبى فى الدول النامية بالمقارنة بنظريتها فى الدول المتقدمة

من الملاحظ إن الطلب على محاصيل الحبوب الغذائية فى الدول النامية يتأثر بصفة رئيسية بالتغيرات التى تحدث فى الإعداد السكانية التى تتزايد بمعدلات عالية تفوق نظريتها بالدول المتقدمة, وذلك بالإضافة إلى العديد من المتغيرات الأخرى ذات التأثير الفعال على طلب الحبوب والتى يأتى الدخل الفردى الحقيقى فى مقدمتها خصوصاً فى ضوء ما تتسم به مرونة الطلب الدخلية للحبوب من ارتفاع نسبى فى الدول النامية بالمقارنة بنظريتها فى الدول المتقدمة

Hypotheses that have been tested for this study are the effects of some organic acids on availability and adsorption of phosphorus (P) in clay soil as well as corn growth and phosphorus uptake. In a pot experiment the used organic acids [citric, tartaric and their mixture at ratio of 1:1 (w/w)], were added to soil at levels of 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% (w/w). This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete design with three replicates and planted by corn. The results obtained in this study reveal that organic acids addition significantly reduced P availability (Olsen-P) from 11.9 mg kg‒1 for control to 8.0 mg kg‒1 at 0.5 % level of citric and mixture of citric and tartaric acids. The maximal adsorption capacity of phosphorus (b) significantly increased with additions of organic acids. Applying mixture of citric and tartaric acids increased significantly sorption intensity constant (n). A significant increase of the sorption capacity constant (Kf) happened with mixed citric and tartaric acids at all concentrations. But, adding 1% citric acid and 1% tartaric acid to clay soil caused significant decreases in Kf parameter of phosphorus. The fresh weight of corn and P uptake were enhanced significantly with the addition of organic acids.