Salt stress is one of the environmental threats that have devastating impacts on plant distribution, growth and production. Different plants are believed to have salt tolerance mechanisms that occur at the cellular level. One facet of the cellular mechanisms of adaptation to salinity stress is to accumulate either inorganic and/or organic solutes. Glycinebetaine (GB), as well as other organic solutes, has been referred to as compatible solutes, for the reason that they are innocent with essential biochemical reactions even at high concentrations. GB has been assumed to be involved in osmotic adjustment and/or osmoprotection of cellular functional macromolecules and, hence, can improve tolerance to saline conditions. However, the exact mechanism and direct evidences for such correlative data are still lacking despite many attempts to improve growth under saline conditions by exogenous application as well as genetic engineering of metabolic pathways involved in metabolism of GB. Despite the enormous amount of information accumulated in this regard, the exact function of GB in the adaptation to saline environments is not fully clear to this point, and even GB functions have been argued. Because of that, inconsistencies exist in the published data regarding GB accumulation and functions under salt stress. In this review, we provide an update on evidence supporting each of these arguments to reassess how GB affects plant growth and physiological traits under salt imposition, and whether its effects correlate with salt tolerance.

The growth and development of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Miller var. trigintipetala Dieck) are drastically inhibited under water stress. Polyamines (PAs) are involved in water stress tolerance. However, very limited information is known concerning the effects of exogenous application of PAs on aromatic plants including Damask rose. This experiment was carried out to study the application of Spermine (Spm) or Spermidine (Spd) on some physiological and biochemical processes to understand the possible mechanisms concerning the water stress alleviation in Damask rose. Plants were exposed to two water conditions: 100% of field capacity (FC) as well watered treatment and 50% of FC as a water stress treatment. Foliar applications of Spm or Spd were applied at 0.5 mM while control plants were sprayed with distilled water. The application of Spm or Spd improved the growth characters, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance under water stress. Furthermore, proline content and CAT and SOD enzyme activities were also improved by applying Spm or Spd. H2O2 production was restricted and MDA accumulation was limited and hence the membrane stability was retained and the water stress damage was alleviated accordingly. In addition, exogenous application of Spm or Spd reduced the endogenous Put level and increased both Spm and Spd levels which suggest that PAs were implicated in water stress adaptation of Damask rose plants. Enhancing Damask rose from water stress not only by activating the antioxidant machinery but also by balancing the PAs metabolism due to exogenous application of Spm or Spd was suggested.

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