We examined the consumption rate of protein diets in caged and free-flying honey bees, amino acid composition of diets, and diet effects on gland development. The effect of seven different diets (sugar solution only, Feedbee®, Helianthus pollen, Sinapis pollen, Asparagus pollen, Castanea pollen, and mixed pollen diet) on the development of the hypopharyngeal (HPG) and acid glands (AG) was tested in caged honey bees. Caged bees consumed the protein diet mainly at the age of 1–8 days, with the highest consumption rate on day 3. Different diets affected the development of both glands. The acini of HPG attained their maximum size in caged bees at an age of 5 days. Bees fed with Castanea sp., Asparagus sp., or mixed pollen had the largest glands among all test groups of this age. The AG sacs of caged bees grew in size between 5 and 12 days and were at day 18 less affected by different protein diets. Castanea sp. and mixed pollen diets were preferably consumed in free-flying colonies.

We examined the consumption rate of protein diets in caged and free-flying honey bees, amino acid composition of diets, and diet effects on gland development. The effect of seven different diets (sugar solution only, Feedbee®, Helianthus pollen, Sinapis pollen, Asparagus pollen, Castanea pollen, and mixed pollen diet) on the development of the hypopharyngeal (HPG) and acid glands (AG) was tested in caged honey bees. Caged bees consumed the protein diet mainly at the age of 1–8 days, with the highest consumption rate on day 3. Different diets affected the development of both glands. The acini of HPG attained their maximum size in caged bees at an age of 5 days. Bees fed with Castanea sp., Asparagus sp., or mixed pollen had the largest glands among all test groups of this age. The AG sacs of caged bees grew in size between 5 and 12 days and were at day 18 less affected by different protein diets. Castanea sp. and mixed pollen diets were preferably consumed in free-flying colonies.

We examined the consumption rate of protein diets in caged and free-flying honey bees, amino acid composition of diets, and diet effects on gland development. The effect of seven different diets (sugar solution only, Feedbee®, Helianthus pollen, Sinapis pollen, Asparagus pollen, Castanea pollen, and mixed pollen diet) on the development of the hypopharyngeal (HPG) and acid glands (AG) was tested in caged honey bees. Caged bees consumed the protein diet mainly at the age of 1–8 days, with the highest consumption rate on day 3. Different diets affected the development of both glands. The acini of HPG attained their maximum size in caged bees at an age of 5 days. Bees fed with Castanea sp., Asparagus sp., or mixed pollen had the largest glands among all test groups of this age. The AG sacs of caged bees grew in size between 5 and 12 days and were at day 18 less affected by different protein diets. Castanea sp. and mixed pollen diets were preferably consumed in free-flying colonies.

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used from all existing pesticides. So, in purpose to discover new pesticides being more effective against the aphid, twelve heterocyclic compounds neonicotinoid analogs have been prepared in a pure state; pyrimidothienotetrahydroisoquinolines 1–12 and their toxicity as potential insecticidal agents against cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. Their characterizations by using spectroscopic analyses were performed. The toxicity data exhibited that the 8-chloropyrimidine compound 4 is more toxic about 2-fold than a reference insecticide, acetamiprid. The other screened compounds showed weak to strong toxicological activities against cowpea aphid.

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used from all existing pesticides. So, in purpose to discover new pesticides being more effective against the aphid, twelve heterocyclic compounds neonicotinoid analogs have been prepared in a pure state; pyrimidothienotetrahydroisoquinolines 1–12 and their toxicity as potential insecticidal agents against cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. Their characterizations by using spectroscopic analyses were performed. The toxicity data exhibited that the 8-chloropyrimidine compound 4 is more toxic about 2-fold than a reference insecticide, acetamiprid. The other screened compounds showed weak to strong toxicological activities against cowpea aphid.

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used from all existing pesticides. So, in purpose to discover new pesticides being more effective against the aphid, twelve heterocyclic compounds neonicotinoid analogs have been prepared in a pure state; pyrimidothienotetrahydroisoquinolines 1–12 and their toxicity as potential insecticidal agents against cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was screened. Their characterizations by using spectroscopic analyses were performed. The toxicity data exhibited that the 8-chloropyrimidine compound 4 is more toxic about 2-fold than a reference insecticide, acetamiprid. The other screened compounds showed weak to strong toxicological activities against cowpea aphid.

ABSTRACT Twenty-six genotypes of sunflower (16 F1-hybrids, four female lines, four restorer lines and two check varieties; Sakha 53 and Giza 102) were evaluated under two contrasting environments, i.e., loamy sand soil at A.R.C., Arab El-Awamer Res. Stn., and clay soil at Assiut Univ. Exper. Farm in season 2016. Genotypes mean squares of the studied traits was significant (P0.01) either in the separate or in the combined analysis. The differences between the two environments were significant for all traits except head diameter (HD). The genotype x environment interaction was significant for all traits, indicating differential responses of genotypes to the two environments. The sixteen hybrids showed negative significant heterosis (P0.01) for 50% flowering from the earlier check Giza 102 (standard heterosis; SH %), which ranged from -8.39 to -18.44% under loamy sand soil, and from -2.80 to -12.92% under clay soil. The heterotic effects were higher under loamy sand than under clay soil. The combined data showed that 4, 5 and 12 hybrids were significantly earlier than the mid-parent, better parent and the earlier check; respectively. The combined data over the two environments of plant height indicated that 15 hybrids showed negative significant standard heterosis ranged from -8.42 to -25.16%. This gives a good opportunity to select short sunflower hybrids. All the hybrids showed negative SH% for head diameter, and none of them exceeded the check variety in 100-SW. Otherwise, all the hybrids showed negative significant (P0.01) heterosis in husk% from the better check Sakha 53 either at the two environments or at the combined data. Over environments the SH% in oil% was positive and significant (p≤ 0.01) for four hybrids (ranged from 4.47 to 9.83%), for three hybrids in kernel weight and for one hybrid in number of seeds/head. Mid-parent heterosis in seed yield/head was positive and significant (P0.01) for 14 and 13 hybrids under loamy sand and clay soil; respectively, eight and three hybrids showed positive and significant BPH heterosis in seed yield/head under the respective environments. The positive and significant (P0.01) BPH in seed yield/head ranged from 16.54 to 685.33% under loamy sand soil, and from 13.42 to 70.38% under clay soil. Otherwise, only one hybrid No. 1 (A7 x Rf1) gave positive significant (P0.01) heterosis from the check hybrids Sakha 53 under clay soil and combined data. Mid-parent heterosis in oil yield/head was positive and significant (P0.01) for 14 hybrids under both environments and ranged from 3.35 to 823.12% under loamy sand, and from 3.01 to 151.88% under clay soil. Eight and three hybrids gave positive significant (P0.01) BPH under loamy sand and clay soil; respectively. The BPH in oil yield/head ranged from 9.48 to 708.95% and from 3.91 to 66.06% under the two respective environments. Standard heterosis in oil yield/head from the better check cultivar was positive and significant for five hybrids under loamy sand, one hybrid under clay soil and two hybrids in the combined data. Key words: Heterosis, Helianthus annuus L., Standard heterosis

ABSTRACT Twenty-six genotypes of sunflower (16 F1-hybrids, four female lines, four restorer lines and two check varieties; Sakha 53 and Giza 102) were evaluated under two contrasting environments, i.e., loamy sand soil at A.R.C., Arab El-Awamer Res. Stn., and clay soil at Assiut Univ. Exper. Farm in season 2016. Genotypes mean squares of the studied traits was significant (P0.01) either in the separate or in the combined analysis. The differences between the two environments were significant for all traits except head diameter (HD). The genotype x environment interaction was significant for all traits, indicating differential responses of genotypes to the two environments. The sixteen hybrids showed negative significant heterosis (P0.01) for 50% flowering from the earlier check Giza 102 (standard heterosis; SH %), which ranged from -8.39 to -18.44% under loamy sand soil, and from -2.80 to -12.92% under clay soil. The heterotic effects were higher under loamy sand than under clay soil. The combined data showed that 4, 5 and 12 hybrids were significantly earlier than the mid-parent, better parent and the earlier check; respectively. The combined data over the two environments of plant height indicated that 15 hybrids showed negative significant standard heterosis ranged from -8.42 to -25.16%. This gives a good opportunity to select short sunflower hybrids. All the hybrids showed negative SH% for head diameter, and none of them exceeded the check variety in 100-SW. Otherwise, all the hybrids showed negative significant (P0.01) heterosis in husk% from the better check Sakha 53 either at the two environments or at the combined data. Over environments the SH% in oil% was positive and significant (p≤ 0.01) for four hybrids (ranged from 4.47 to 9.83%), for three hybrids in kernel weight and for one hybrid in number of seeds/head. Mid-parent heterosis in seed yield/head was positive and significant (P0.01) for 14 and 13 hybrids under loamy sand and clay soil; respectively, eight and three hybrids showed positive and significant BPH heterosis in seed yield/head under the respective environments. The positive and significant (P0.01) BPH in seed yield/head ranged from 16.54 to 685.33% under loamy sand soil, and from 13.42 to 70.38% under clay soil. Otherwise, only one hybrid No. 1 (A7 x Rf1) gave positive significant (P0.01) heterosis from the check hybrids Sakha 53 under clay soil and combined data. Mid-parent heterosis in oil yield/head was positive and significant (P0.01) for 14 hybrids under both environments and ranged from 3.35 to 823.12% under loamy sand, and from 3.01 to 151.88% under clay soil. Eight and three hybrids gave positive significant (P0.01) BPH under loamy sand and clay soil; respectively. The BPH in oil yield/head ranged from 9.48 to 708.95% and from 3.91 to 66.06% under the two respective environments. Standard heterosis in oil yield/head from the better check cultivar was positive and significant for five hybrids under loamy sand, one hybrid under clay soil and two hybrids in the combined data. Key words: Heterosis, Helianthus annuus L., Standard heterosis

Abstract Twenty-six genotypes of sunflower (16 F1-hybrids, four female lines, four restorer lines and two check varieties; Sakha 53 and Giza 102) were evaluated under two contrasting environments, i.e., loamy sand soil at A.R.C., Arab El-Awamer Res. Stn., and clay soil at Assiut Univ. Exper. Farm in season 2016. Genotypes mean squares of 13 studied traits was significant (P0.01) either in the separate or in the combined analysis. The differences between the two environments were significant for all traits except head diameter (HD). The genotype x environment interaction was significant for all traits, indicating differential responses of genotypes to the two environments. The F1-hybrids, females and males were earlier than the two checks in days to 50% flowering. The fertile clay soil delayed days to 50% flowering than loamy sand soil. The phenotypic (PCV%) and genotypic (GCV%) coefficients of variability were low, and heritability in broad sense was intermediate (43.17%) for days to 50% flowering. The combined analysis of plant height showed high PCV (13.58%), GCV (11.81%) and heritability (75.58%). The GCV of head diameter was high and reached 15.95, 14.41 and 11.84% at loamy sand, clay soil and combined analysis; respectively. Stalk diameter was larger at clay than at loamy sand soil, and heritability estimates were 74.19, 77.05 and 66.67% at loamy sand, clay soil and combined analysis; respectively. Four of the F1-hybrids was heavier in 100-seed weight than the checks. The GCV and heritability estimates were high for 100-seed weight. Husk % and husk; g of 100 seeds tended to be higher at loamy sand than at clay soil. The combined means of oil % showed that five hybrids significantly exceeded the better check Giza 102. Oil % was higher at loamy sand than at clay soil. Heritability estimates of oil % were high at both locations (97.86 and 86.25%) and very low (5.69%) from the combined analysis, because of the large mean squares of GxE interaction. Kernel weight in 100 seeds was higher at loamy sand than at clay soil. The GCV and heritability estimates were high for kernel weight. Number of seeds/head was higher at clay soil than at loamy sand. Three F1-hybrids significantly exceeded Sakha53in kernel weight from the combined data. The GCV and heritability estimates were high for NS/H. Seed yield/head and oil yield/head were higher at loamy sand than at clay soil, and four F1-hybrids were significantly better than the check. High estimates of GCV and heritability were high for NS/H. The GCV estimates in seed yield were 43.48, 39.33 and 33.57%, and heritability were 98.85, 96.67 and 75.22% at loamy sand, clay soil and combined analysis; respectively. The resulted indicated that the genetic materials should be evaluated under diverse environments to get reliable estimates of genetic parameters. Key words: Helianthus annuus L., PCV, GCV, heritability, evaluation under two environments.

Abstract Twenty-six genotypes of sunflower (16 F1-hybrids, four female lines, four restorer lines and two check varieties; Sakha 53 and Giza 102) were evaluated under two contrasting environments, i.e., loamy sand soil at A.R.C., Arab El-Awamer Res. Stn., and clay soil at Assiut Univ. Exper. Farm in season 2016. Genotypes mean squares of 13 studied traits was significant (P0.01) either in the separate or in the combined analysis. The differences between the two environments were significant for all traits except head diameter (HD). The genotype x environment interaction was significant for all traits, indicating differential responses of genotypes to the two environments. The F1-hybrids, females and males were earlier than the two checks in days to 50% flowering. The fertile clay soil delayed days to 50% flowering than loamy sand soil. The phenotypic (PCV%) and genotypic (GCV%) coefficients of variability were low, and heritability in broad sense was intermediate (43.17%) for days to 50% flowering. The combined analysis of plant height showed high PCV (13.58%), GCV (11.81%) and heritability (75.58%). The GCV of head diameter was high and reached 15.95, 14.41 and 11.84% at loamy sand, clay soil and combined analysis; respectively. Stalk diameter was larger at clay than at loamy sand soil, and heritability estimates were 74.19, 77.05 and 66.67% at loamy sand, clay soil and combined analysis; respectively. Four of the F1-hybrids was heavier in 100-seed weight than the checks. The GCV and heritability estimates were high for 100-seed weight. Husk % and husk; g of 100 seeds tended to be higher at loamy sand than at clay soil. The combined means of oil % showed that five hybrids significantly exceeded the better check Giza 102. Oil % was higher at loamy sand than at clay soil. Heritability estimates of oil % were high at both locations (97.86 and 86.25%) and very low (5.69%) from the combined analysis, because of the large mean squares of GxE interaction. Kernel weight in 100 seeds was higher at loamy sand than at clay soil. The GCV and heritability estimates were high for kernel weight. Number of seeds/head was higher at clay soil than at loamy sand. Three F1-hybrids significantly exceeded Sakha53in kernel weight from the combined data. The GCV and heritability estimates were high for NS/H. Seed yield/head and oil yield/head were higher at loamy sand than at clay soil, and four F1-hybrids were significantly better than the check. High estimates of GCV and heritability were high for NS/H. The GCV estimates in seed yield were 43.48, 39.33 and 33.57%, and heritability were 98.85, 96.67 and 75.22% at loamy sand, clay soil and combined analysis; respectively. The resulted indicated that the genetic materials should be evaluated under diverse environments to get reliable estimates of genetic parameters. Key words: Helianthus annuus L., PCV, GCV, heritability, evaluation under two environments.