THE CURRENT research aimed to evaluate and select bread wheat stable cultivars withhigh productivity across diverse sowing dates. Fourteen wheat cultivars were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at six sowing dates during two successive seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 representing twelve environments. The cultivars were evaluated for grain yield and its attributes. Highly significant differences were obtained among the wheat cultivars, sowing dates, and their respective interaction for all measured traits. The highest grain yield (2.992-ton fed-1) was recorded on 30th November, after this date, each day delay in sowing of wheat onward decreases grain yield at the rate of 21kg fed-1 day-1. Overall, the cultivar Gemiza 11 gave the highest grain yield with an average of 2.861 ton fed-1, recorded the highest 1000-GW with an average of 47.73 g, highest straw yield with an average of 8.303-ton Fed-1, and was the earliest cultivar with a mean heading date of 92.9 days. According to GGE biplot results, Gemiza 11, Gemiza 9, and Sakha 94 ranked in the first order as high-yielding cultivars and had greater stability level overall sowing dates under. Assiut conditions. The most adequate cultivars for sowing in the first half of November (1st -15th ) are Misr 2, Sids 12, Sakha 95, Gemiza 9, and Gemiza 11. Also, Sakha 94, Gemiza 9, and Gemiza 11 can be sown after 30th November because they produce a satisfied yield, have good stability, and can be considered as late sowing tolerant.

TWENTY-ONE cultivars of bread wheat were evaluated for drought-stress tolerance atseedling and maturity stages under non-drought and drought-stress conditions. Significant differences among genotypes were obtained under non-drought and drought-stress conditions for all seedling and maturity characteristics. Highly positive and significant correlations were found for root length with respect to fresh weight of 0.74 and dry weight seedling of 0.80. However, negative and highly significant correlations were found for both drought susceptible index based on seedling traits (DSIST) and maturity traits (DSIST) with all seedling traits except root: shoot ratio, whereas no correlations were obtained for either DSIST or DSIMT with all maturity traits except 1000 kernel weight. Positive and highly significant correlation found between DSIST and DSIMT (0.85). SSR markers analysis showed that three bands produced by Xgwm596-7A (507bp), Xgwm497-1A (556bp) and Xgwm174-5D (409bp), they were presented in all tolerant genotypes based on DSIST. The three bands (507, 556 and 409bp) were correlated to DSIST, with R2 values of 81.05%, whereas the three bands were correlated to DSIMT with R2 values of 61.96%. Strong association was observed for genotypic distance with phenotypic distance based on seedling characteristics, that amounted to 0.66, whereas the correlation was less strong between genotypic distance and phenotypic distance based on maturity traits by 0.30. The seedling traits at 15% PEG were more association than maturity traits under drought-stress with SSR markers, this gives preference to using seedling traits as an indicator of drought-stress tolerance in breeding programs.

Climate change and global warming have become the most significant challenges to the 15agricultural production worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid areas. The main purpose of plant 16breeding programs now is to produce a genetically wide range of genotypes that canwithstand the 17adverse effects of climate change. Moreover, farmers now have to reallocate their cultivars due to 18their ability to tolerate unfavorable conditions. During this study, two field experiments and climate 19analysis based on 150 years of data were done to reallocate some genotypes of bread wheat in re- 20spect to climate change based on their performance under drought stress conditions. Climatic data 21indicate that there is an increase in temperature overall Egyptian sites coupled with in addition to 22some changes in rain amount. Among the tested cultivars, cultivar Giza 160 was the perfect one, 23while, cultivar Masr 03 was the weakest one. Susceptibility indices are a good tool for discovering 24the superior genotypes under unfavorable conditions and interestingly, some cultivars with high 25performance were among the superior cultivars in more than one of the tested traits in this study. 26Finally, combining the climatic data and the experimental data, we can concluded that, cultivars 27Giza 160 and Sakha 94 are suitable for growning in zones with harsh environments, such as the 28eastern desert and southern Egypt. While, cultivars Gemmeza 11, Sahel 01, Sakha 98, Sids 12, and 29Sakha 93 are suitable for growning in zones with good growing conditions, such as Delta and 30northern Egypt.

Anther culture is the most effective tool for doubled haploid production of wheat. This investigation was conducted to estimate genetic parameters of anther culture response in wheat and identification of putative Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with response traits. Two varieties of wheat, namely ICR-DH (P1) and Sle 1 × 15 (P2) and their F1 and F2 progenies were used in the present investigation to estimate genetic parameters of anther culture response. Two molecular marker systems, SRAP and SSR markers were used to detect the polymorphism between two anther donor parents. Single marker analysis (SMA) and Composite interval mapping (CIM) were used to localize the putative QTL associated with four anther culture response in wheat using 100 plants of F2 population derived from F1 cross ‘ICR-DH’ × ‘Sel 1 × 15’. Analyses of variance
indicated significant differences between four populations (P1, P2, F1 and F2) for callus induction (CAL), number of green plants per 100 anther (GR), number of albino plant per 100 anther (AR) and total regenerated plants per 100 anther (TR). The additive effects were more important than dominance effects in controlling these traits. The two molecular marker systems were sufficient in detecting polymorphism between two parents. Thirty two putative QTLs were detected on eight linkage groups. Our study indicated that the additive effects of genes and detection of new QTLs permit marker-assisted selection of genotypes with high green plantlet regeneration efficiency in anther culture, and therefore favor efficient use of anther culture in wheat breeding programs

Soil salinity is one of the constraints of crop production in Egypt. The aims of this study
were to identify genomic regions associated with grain weight and its related traits along with their
salinity tolerance indices and to identify the most salinity tolerant and high-yielding genotypes.
Therefore, we evaluated an advanced backcross mapping population of barley in newly reclaimed soil
under two salinity levels of groundwater aquifers in South of Sinai, Egypt. We detected significant
QTL associated with grain weight related attributes and the salinity tolerance index (STI) distributed
throughout the whole genome of barley, which can be used to enhance salinity tolerance. Moreover,
the markers bPb-3739 (4H, 96.3 cM), AF043094A (5H, 156 cM), bPb-8161 (7H, 2.22 cM), and bPb-5260
(7H, 115.6 cM), were the most important identified genomic regions corresponding to vernalization,
dwarfing and dehydrin genes, which are correlated with salinity tolerance. Additionally, the doubled
haploid lines SI001, SI043, SI044, SI028, SI242, SI035, and SI005 had the highest STI values based on
yield average. The present study demonstrated that wild and elite barley do harbor novel valuable
alleles, which can enrich the genetic basis of cultivated barley and improve quantitative agronomic
traits under salinity conditions.

Fertilization with high levels of phosphorus increases the risk of environmental pollution.
Identification of critical values of P in soil (SOP) and in plant tissues (PiP) is essential for achieving the
maximum wheat yield without P loss. The critical value is the value of P which gives the optimum
yield; the response of crop yield to P fertilization above this value is not predictable or nil. Here, a 4-year
field experiment was conducted to identify the SOP and PiP for achieving maximum yield of bread
wheat using 11 rates of P fertilization (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, and 150 kg P2O5 ha?1). The
linear–linear and Mitscherlich exponential models were employed to estimate the PiP and SOP. The
degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was used to assess the potential environmental risk; furthermore,
phosphorus use efficiency (PUE)was also calculated under the studied fertilization levels. Phosphorus in
soil and wheat plant was affected by the application rates and growing seasons. Increasing P fertilization
rates led to gradual increases in soil and plant P. The SOP ranged between 21 and 32 mg kg?1, while
the PiP ranged between 6.40 and 7.49 g kg?1. The critical values of P calculated from theMitscherlich
exponential models were 20% higher than those calculated from the linear–linear models. Adding levels
of P fertilization 90 kg P2O5 ha?1 leads to higher potentials of P runoff and leaching, in addition, PUE
decreased sharply under high P fertilization levels. The response ofwheat yield to P fertilization in sandy
calcareous soil is predictable below Olsen P values of 21 mg kg?1. Identification of critical P values
for wheat production is of great importance to help policy makers improve P use efficiency and attain
optimum wheat yield under eco-friendly environmental conditions by eliminating the accumulation of
excess P fertilizers in soil and water

MADS-box transcription factors are crucial regulators of inflorescence and flower development
in plants. Therefore, the recent interest in this family has received much attention in plant
breeding programs due to their impact on plant development and inflorescence architecture. The
aim of this study was to investigate the role of HvMADS-box genes in lateral spikelet development
in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A set of 30 spike-contrasting barley lines were phenotypically and
genotypically investigated under controlled conditions. We detected clear variations in the spike and
spikelet development during the developmental stages among the tested lines. The lateral florets in
the deficiens and semi-deficiens lines were more reduced than in two-rowed cultivars except cv. Kristina.
Interestingly, cv. Kristina, int-h.43 and int-i.39 exhibited the same behavior as def.5, def.6, semi-def.1,
semi-def.8 regarding development and showed reduced lateral florets size. In HOR1555, HOR7191
and HOR7041, the lateral florets continued their development, eventually setting seeds. In contrast,
lateral florets in two-rowed barley stopped differentiating after the awn primordia stage giving
rise to lateral floret sterility. At harvest, the lines tested showed large variation for all central and
lateral spikelet-related traits. Phylogenetic analysis showed that more than half of the 108 MADS-box
genes identified are highly conserved and are expressed in different barley tissues. Re-sequence
analysis of a subset of these genes showed clear polymorphism in either SNPs or in/del. Variation in
HvMADS56 correlated with altered lateral spikelet morphology. This suggests that HvMADS56 plays
an important role in lateral spikelet development in barley

Efficacy of some essential oils against gray mold of table grapes and their effect on fruit quality

Application of Trichoderma harzianum strain KABOFT4 for management of tomato bacterial wilt under greenhouse conditions

Essential oils of oregano and cinnamon as an alternative method for control of gray mold disease of table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea