The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 100 ppm with or without biostimulants (Agrobacterium rhizogenes, seaweed extract and coconut water) as either a spray or drench for 3 minutes or 1 hour on rooting and growth parameters of three cutting types (tip, middle and basal) of Conocarpus erectus L. The data showed that the rooting percentage, root and vegetative characteristics of rooted cuttings were significantly increased by all treatments of IBA and/or biostimulants compared to the untreated cuttings. The individual treatments of seaweed extract and coconut water were more effective than IBA or A. rhizogenes alone. Seaweed extract as drench with or without IBA surpassed those of seaweed extract treatments as spray. Besides, the response of cuttings treated with coconut water for 1 hour was better than coconut water for 3 min. Tip cuttings were significantly better than the middle and basal ones, especially in relation to rootability of cuttings. Maximum rooting percentage and shoot characteristics of plants were obtained from tip cuttings treated with IBA + coconut water for 1 hour, followed by IBA + seaweed extract as drench. The highest rooting percentage was associated with high endogenous levels of phenols, indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA) as well as the lowest abscisic acid (ABA) level in cutting tissues and the anatomical structure of rooted cuttings. So, it can be recommended treating tip cuttings of C. erectus with either coconut water for 1 hour or seaweed extract as drench combined with IBA for enhancing the rooting percentage, root and shoot growth parameters as well as content of endogenous root promoting substances.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 100 ppm with or without biostimulants (Agrobacterium rhizogenes, seaweed extract and coconut water) as either a spray or drench for 3 minutes or 1 hour on rooting and growth parameters of three cutting types (tip, middle and basal) of Conocarpus erectus L. The data showed that the rooting percentage, root and vegetative characteristics of rooted cuttings were significantly increased by all treatments of IBA and/or biostimulants compared to the untreated cuttings. The individual treatments of seaweed extract and coconut water were more effective than IBA or A. rhizogenes alone. Seaweed extract as drench with or without IBA surpassed those of seaweed extract treatments as spray. Besides, the response of cuttings treated with coconut water for 1 hour was better than coconut water for 3 min. Tip cuttings were significantly better than the middle and basal ones, especially in relation to rootability of cuttings. Maximum rooting percentage and shoot characteristics of plants were obtained from tip cuttings treated with IBA + coconut water for 1 hour, followed by IBA + seaweed extract as drench. The highest rooting percentage was associated with high endogenous levels of phenols, indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA) as well as the lowest abscisic acid (ABA) level in cutting tissues and the anatomical structure of rooted cuttings. So, it can be recommended treating tip cuttings of C. erectus with either coconut water for 1 hour or seaweed extract as drench combined with IBA for enhancing the rooting percentage, root and shoot growth parameters as well as content of endogenous root promoting substances.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 100 ppm with or without biostimulants (Agrobacterium rhizogenes, seaweed extract and coconut water) as either a spray or drench for 3 minutes or 1 hour on rooting and growth parameters of three cutting types (tip, middle and basal) of Conocarpus erectus L. The data showed that the rooting percentage, root and vegetative characteristics of rooted cuttings were significantly increased by all treatments of IBA and/or biostimulants compared to the untreated cuttings. The individual treatments of seaweed extract and coconut water were more effective than IBA or A. rhizogenes alone. Seaweed extract as drench with or without IBA surpassed those of seaweed extract treatments as spray. Besides, the response of cuttings treated with coconut water for 1 hour was better than coconut water for 3 min. Tip cuttings were significantly better than the middle and basal ones, especially in relation to rootability of cuttings. Maximum rooting percentage and shoot characteristics of plants were obtained from tip cuttings treated with IBA + coconut water for 1 hour, followed by IBA + seaweed extract as drench. The highest rooting percentage was associated with high endogenous levels of phenols, indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA) as well as the lowest abscisic acid (ABA) level in cutting tissues and the anatomical structure of rooted cuttings. So, it can be recommended treating tip cuttings of C. erectus with either coconut water for 1 hour or seaweed extract as drench combined with IBA for enhancing the rooting percentage, root and shoot growth parameters as well as content of endogenous root promoting substances.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the influnce of rooting media (clay, peat moss + sand, peat moss + perlite and vermiculite), cutting types (tip, middle and basal) and different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (control, 50, 100 and 200 ppm IBA) on the rooting and growth of Conocarpus erectus L. stem cuttings. The experiment was laid out in a split-split-plot design, with three replicates. The obtained results showed that vermiculite was the best rooting media used for improving the rooting percentage, root number, root length, stem length, branch number and leaf number per rooted cutting, followed by peat + perlite (1:1 in v/v) and peat + sand (1:1 in v/v), respectively comparing with clay soil which recorded the lowest values. The tip cutting was superior to the middle and basal ones in all rooting media used, especially in vermiculite medium. Among IBA concentrations used, cuttings treated with IBA at 100 ppm produced significantly better rooting (42.9%) than 50 ppm (36.3%), 200 ppm (36.0%) and untreated cuttings (23.1%). The greatest rooting percentage (95.0%) and the best root and growth characteristics as well as the highest endogenous contents of phenols, indole acetic acid (IAA) and the lowest abscisic acid (ABA) content were obtained from tip cuttings treated with IBA at 100 ppm and planted in vermiculite substrate. Moreover, the combined treatment of 100 ppm IBA and vermiculite substrate significantly improved the rooting percentage, root and growth measurements of middle and basal cuttings as well as gave the highest C/N ratio in basal cutting tissues compared to the same cutting types combined with the other rooting media and IBA concentrations. Hence, it could be recommended that treating the different types of C. erectus stem cuttings with IBA at 100 ppm and planting in vermiculite medium for improving rooting, quality and growth of cuttings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of foliar application of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts (control, 2.5% and 5% aqueous MLE, 2.5% and 5% ethanolic MLE) and/or benzyladenine (control, 50, 100 and 200 ppm BA) on the growth, fruit and oil yield and its main components and chemical constituents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.) plants. The obtained results revealed that treated fennel plants with MLE and/or BA resulted in a significant increase in the vegetative growth, number of umbels/plant, fruit and oil yield per plant and feddan as well as total carbohydrates in fruits, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in leaves compared to untreated plants. Generally, the application of moringa leaf extracts was more effective than BA treatments. The individual treatment of aqueous MLE at 5% or BA at 100 ppm gave the best results of the previous mentioned characteristics followed by 5% ethanolic MLE or 50 ppm BA compared to the control and the rest of tested individual ones. The highest values of all studied parameters were obtained by using 5% aqueous or ethanolic MLE combined with 100 ppm BA. The increments were 91.1% and 85.3% in fruit yield/feddan, 52.5% and 46.3% in volatile oil percentage and 192.4% and 172.0% in oil yield/feddan, respectively over the control. The G.C. analysis of the volatile oil showed that the major component of volatile oil was methyl chavicol (estragole) with concentration range from 77.5% to 87.3%. The minor compounds were myrcene and limonene. The best treatment for decreasing the concentration of methyl chavicol (77.5%), which is undesirable component in fennel oil resulted from the combination of 5% aqueous MLE plus 100 ppm BA. Therefore, it could be recommended that spraying fennel plants with 5% aqueous MLE plus 100 ppm BA for obtaining higher vegetative growth, fruit and oil yield.

The present experiments were conducted at Humboldt University of Berlin, Horticultural Plant Systems, Germany during 2012 and 2013 seasons, to clarify the nutrient requirements for regeneration of encapsulated nodal segments of Rosa hybrida `Kardinal´ , as well as define the nutrient losses from the beads during incubation on nutrient-free media. Shoot cultures were cultivated on modified MS medium. For encapsulation, 4 to 5 mm nodal segments were isolated 3 weeks after subculturing. The nodal segments were put in 3% Na-alginate diluted in the modified MS medium with various sucrose concentrations (30 to 90 g l-1) and 0.5 to 2 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). To improve the nutrient supply, 85 µl, 95 µl or 105 µl of Na-alginate with one nodal segment was dropped in to 75 mM CaCl2 dissolved in the same media contains Na-alginate for 30 min hardening. The results showed that already after 24h incubation on the water-agar-medium more than 90% of nitrate was diffused out of the beads. The reduction of water-agar-medium volume from 25 ml to 7 ml reduced the nutrient leakage and improved the shoot formation from 40 to 90%. The root regeneration of the encapsulated nodal segments also increased from 40% to 80% either by increasing the bead volume from 85 to 105 µl or the sucrose concentration from 30 to 50 g l-1 in the propagation medium. The highest conversion (approximately 50%) was found after supplying 1 mg l-1 IBA and 90 g l-1 sucrose to the bead gel matrix.

Divers studies have demonstrated that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can stimulate plant growth and more recently that they can increase rooting ability in vegetative material, especially when they are added with auxin. Considering this potential, the objective of this study was to verify the effect of PGPR and AMF in combination with IBA on rooting and growth of some types of bougainvilleas cutting. Three cutting types (tip, middle and basal) were prepared from four bougainvilleas, namely B. glabra var. sanderiana, B. glabra var. variegata, B. spectabilis "Snow White" and B. spectabilis "Yellow Hybrid" in both 2012 and 2013 years. The cuttings were taken from Bougainvillea mother plants in March and treated with three PGPR (Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) and AMF (Glomus intraradices) in combination with 100 ppm IBA. The all combined treatments of IBA plus PGPR or AMF showed higher rooting percentages than hormone treatment (IBA alone). Among bougainvilleas used, average the highest rooting were observed in B. spectabilis "Snow White" (62.0%), followed by B. glabra var. sanderiana (61.2%), B. spectabilis "Yellow Hybrid" (60.5%) and B. glabra var. variegata (54.7%), respectively. The highest rooting percentages were obtained from basal cuttings treated with 100 ppm IBA plus either G. intraradices, A. brasilense or B. subtilis in all bougainvilleas. Overall, the lowest was observed in the IBA treatment alone. C/N ratio and endogenous root-promoting substances in cutting base were parallel with the rooting ability. The present investigation clearly showed that the combination of PGPR or AMF inoculums and rooting hormone can increase root initiation and potentially increase the quality of rooted cutting produced. Furthermore, the success of root promotion depends on the used strain and genotypic response of Bougainvillea species.

Divers studies have demonstrated that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can stimulate plant growth and more recently that they can increase rooting ability in vegetative material, especially when they are added with auxin. Considering this potential, the objective of this study was to verify the effect of PGPR and AMF in combination with IBA on rooting and growth of some types of bougainvilleas cutting. Three cutting types (tip, middle and basal) were prepared from four bougainvilleas, namely B. glabra var. sanderiana, B. glabra var. variegata, B. spectabilis "Snow White" and B. spectabilis "Yellow Hybrid" in both 2012 and 2013 years. The cuttings were taken from Bougainvillea mother plants in March and treated with three PGPR (Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) and AMF (Glomus intraradices) in combination with 100 ppm IBA. The all combined treatments of IBA plus PGPR or AMF showed higher rooting percentages than hormone treatment (IBA alone). Among bougainvilleas used, average the highest rooting were observed in B. spectabilis "Snow White" (62.0%), followed by B. glabra var. sanderiana (61.2%), B. spectabilis "Yellow Hybrid" (60.5%) and B. glabra var. variegata (54.7%), respectively. The highest rooting percentages were obtained from basal cuttings treated with 100 ppm IBA plus either G. intraradices, A. brasilense or B. subtilis in all bougainvilleas. Overall, the lowest was observed in the IBA treatment alone. C/N ratio and endogenous root-promoting substances in cutting base were parallel with the rooting ability. The present investigation clearly showed that the combination of PGPR or AMF inoculums and rooting hormone can increase root initiation and potentially increase the quality of rooted cutting produced. Furthermore, the success of root promotion depends on the used strain and genotypic response of Bougainvillea species.

This study was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, El-Zawia University, Libya during 2014 and 2015 seasons, to investigate the effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0, 50 and 100 ppm) alone or in combination with Bacillus subtilis on the rootability, root and shoot growth of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cuttings under salt stress conditions (control, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm NaCl). The obtained data revealed that irrigation of cuttings with NaCl at 2000 and 4000 ppm resulted in a significant reduction in rooting percentage, root and vegetative growth characteristics, contents of N, P and K as well as C/N ratio in cutting tissues compared to control and the lowest salinity level used, whereas Na % and Na/K ratio were high, especially at high salinity levels. Treatment of cuttings with IBA alone or combined with B. subtilis modified and alleviated most of the harmful effects of salt stress, especially at the lower salinity level. Generally, the combination of IBA at 50 ppm with B. subtilis had a profound effect in increasing rootability, root and vegetative growth characteristics of plants compared to the control and all other treatments. The same treatment increased contents of N, P and K as well as C/N ratio, whereas reduced Na % and Na/K ratio in the rooted cutting tissues. So, it could be recommended to use this treatment for alleviation of adverse effects of irrigation water salinity on rooting and growth of R. officinalis cuttings.

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