Background: Tri-modality bladder sparing therapy in selected bladder cancer patients may be an alternatives treatment option to immediate radical cystectomy as it may result in satisfactory Quality Of Life (QOL). The present study evaluated the effects of this conservative approach versus surgical approach, i.e. Radical Cystectomy (RC) and orthotopic neobladder, on QOL of patients. Patients and methods: This is a prospective study of patients with bladder cancer in group I (using tri-modality bladder sparing therapy) and group II (using RC and orthotopic neobladder). Patients in both groups were subjected to interview NCCN-FACT FBlSI18 questionnaire, inquiring about physical and emotional disease related symptoms, treatment side effects and function and well being. SPSS version18 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Internal consistency of the 18 items in both groups was assessed by Cronbach’s α which was adequate at 0.89 at Group I and 0.84 at Group II. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant difference (p0.05) in favor of group I patients compared to those in group II, regarding bladder function, potency and bowel symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that only T stage significantly affected physical and emotional disease related symptoms, and treatment side effects subscales in favor of bladder preservation group. Conclusions: Tri-modality bladder sparing therapy resulted in well-functioning bladders, mild bowel symptoms, and satisfactory sexual functioning in contrast to the surgical approach in bladder cancer patients and should be considered as a reasonable option for these patients.

Background: Tri-modality bladder sparing therapy in selected bladder cancer patients may be an alternatives treatment option to immediate radical cystectomy as it may result in satisfactory Quality Of Life (QOL). The present study evaluated the effects of this conservative approach versus surgical approach, i.e. Radical Cystectomy (RC) and orthotopic neobladder, on QOL of patients. Patients and methods: This is a prospective study of patients with bladder cancer in group I (using tri-modality bladder sparing therapy) and group II (using RC and orthotopic neobladder). Patients in both groups were subjected to interview NCCN-FACT FBlSI18 questionnaire, inquiring about physical and emotional disease related symptoms, treatment side effects and function and well being. SPSS version18 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Internal consistency of the 18 items in both groups was assessed by Cronbach’s α which was adequate at 0.89 at Group I and 0.84 at Group II. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant difference (p0.05) in favor of group I patients compared to those in group II, regarding bladder function, potency and bowel symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that only T stage significantly affected physical and emotional disease related symptoms, and treatment side effects subscales in favor of bladder preservation group. Conclusions: Tri-modality bladder sparing therapy resulted in well-functioning bladders, mild bowel symptoms, and satisfactory sexual functioning in contrast to the surgical approach in bladder cancer patients and should be considered as a reasonable option for these patients.

Background: Tri-modality bladder sparing therapy in selected bladder cancer patients may be an alternatives treatment option to immediate radical cystectomy as it may result in satisfactory Quality Of Life (QOL). The present study evaluated the effects of this conservative approach versus surgical approach, i.e. Radical Cystectomy (RC) and orthotopic neobladder, on QOL of patients. Patients and methods: This is a prospective study of patients with bladder cancer in group I (using tri-modality bladder sparing therapy) and group II (using RC and orthotopic neobladder). Patients in both groups were subjected to interview NCCN-FACT FBlSI18 questionnaire, inquiring about physical and emotional disease related symptoms, treatment side effects and function and well being. SPSS version18 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Internal consistency of the 18 items in both groups was assessed by Cronbach’s α which was adequate at 0.89 at Group I and 0.84 at Group II. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant difference (p0.05) in favor of group I patients compared to those in group II, regarding bladder function, potency and bowel symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that only T stage significantly affected physical and emotional disease related symptoms, and treatment side effects subscales in favor of bladder preservation group. Conclusions: Tri-modality bladder sparing therapy resulted in well-functioning bladders, mild bowel symptoms, and satisfactory sexual functioning in contrast to the surgical approach in bladder cancer patients and should be considered as a reasonable option for these patients.

Objectives: Patients with painful bone metastasis treated with palliative radiation therapy (RTH) may require re-irradiation. This work aims at assessing the efficacy and safety of re-irradiation for painful bone metastases using single 8 Gy fractions versus (4 Gy × 5 fractions). Methods: From June 2011 to December 2012, previously irradiated bone metastases were re-irradiated with single 8 Gy fractions (group I) or, 4 Gy × 5 fractions (group II). Pain management index (PMI) was determined. Pearson’s r correlation coefficient was calculated between negative PMI at presentation and age, ECOG Performance Status, sex, and primary cancer site. Results: Two months after RTH, about one fifth of patients achieved no pain, mild pain in 75.5% of the remaining patients and no patient suffered from severe pain. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between groups (I and II) regarding pain relief. Negative PMI score, was reduced to from 37% at presentation to 25%, at 2 months follow up. A strong negative association between PMI and performance status (p=0.0057, 95% confidence interval between 0.109 and 0.557) was found. Conclusion: Palliative re-irradiation with either single 8 Gy fraction or with, 4 Gy × 5 fractions was effective and safe in pain relief.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bacterial pneumonia and malnutrition on the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood of pediatric patients through flow cytometric analysis. The study was an analytical case-control study carried out on 35 malnourished children with bacterial pneumonia and 20 well-nourished children with bacterial pneumonia, in addition to 20 healthy children as controls. Complete physical examination including; anthropometric measurement, Chest roentgenograms were done for all cases. Assessment of MN was done by FACSCalibur flow cytometry. The frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RETs) was higher both in the malnourished children with pneumonia and well-nourished children with pneumonia than the controls. Within the malnourished children with pneumonia, patients with kwashiorkor had more micronucleated mature erythrocytes (MN-RBCs) and MN-RETs than patients with marasmus. In conclusion: Pneumonia is associated with an increased frequency of MN and this increment is more pronounced in children with severe malnutrition especially kwashiorkor group.

Background: Regulatory T cells have an important role in the control of immune reactivity against self antigens and probably play a role in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to determine the frequency of regulatory T cells in recently diagnosed children with/T1D. Materials and Methods: 20 children with/T1D and 20 healthy children of matched age and sex as controls were enrolled in this study. All cases were subjected to a thorough history taking, full clinical examinations and investigations which include; insulin C peptide levels and flow cytometric detection of B-, T-lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. Results: Insulin C peptide level was significantly lower in children with/ T1D compared with controls. The percentages of B and T-lymphocytes were not significantly different between patients and controls. The percentages of CD4+CD25+High and CD4+CD25+High Foxp3+ cells both in total lymphocytes and in CD4+ lymphocytes were significantly decreased in patients than controls, while the percentages of total CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+Intermediate both in total lymphocytes and in CD4+ lymphocytes were not significantly different between patients and controls. The geometric mean of fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Foxp3+ expression in CD4+CD25+High cells was significantly decreased in patients than controls. Positive correlations were observed between both age and insulin C peptide and frequency of CD4+CD25+High Foxp3. Conclusion: The percentage of regulatory T cells; CD4+CD25+High Foxp3 was decreased in children with recent T1D and may have a role in its pathogenesis. Their role as a prognostic signifi cance and their relation to various complications should be explored.

Background: Regulatory T cells have an important role in the control of immune reactivity against self antigens and probably play a role in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to determine the frequency of regulatory T cells in recently diagnosed children with/T1D. Materials and Methods: 20 children with/T1D and 20 healthy children of matched age and sex as controls were enrolled in this study. All cases were subjected to a thorough history taking, full clinical examinations and investigations which include; insulin C peptide levels and flow cytometric detection of B-, T-lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. Results: Insulin C peptide level was significantly lower in children with/ T1D compared with controls. The percentages of B and T-lymphocytes were not significantly different between patients and controls. The percentages of CD4+CD25+High and CD4+CD25+High Foxp3+ cells both in total lymphocytes and in CD4+ lymphocytes were significantly decreased in patients than controls, while the percentages of total CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+Intermediate both in total lymphocytes and in CD4+ lymphocytes were not significantly different between patients and controls. The geometric mean of fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Foxp3+ expression in CD4+CD25+High cells was significantly decreased in patients than controls. Positive correlations were observed between both age and insulin C peptide and frequency of CD4+CD25+High Foxp3. Conclusion: The percentage of regulatory T cells; CD4+CD25+High Foxp3 was decreased in children with recent T1D and may have a role in its pathogenesis. Their role as a prognostic signifi cance and their relation to various complications should be explored.

Background: Regulatory T cells have an important role in the control of immune reactivity against self antigens and probably play a role in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to determine the frequency of regulatory T cells in recently diagnosed children with/T1D. Materials and Methods: 20 children with/T1D and 20 healthy children of matched age and sex as controls were enrolled in this study. All cases were subjected to a thorough history taking, full clinical examinations and investigations which include; insulin C peptide levels and flow cytometric detection of B-, T-lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. Results: Insulin C peptide level was significantly lower in children with/ T1D compared with controls. The percentages of B and T-lymphocytes were not significantly different between patients and controls. The percentages of CD4+CD25+High and CD4+CD25+High Foxp3+ cells both in total lymphocytes and in CD4+ lymphocytes were significantly decreased in patients than controls, while the percentages of total CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+Intermediate both in total lymphocytes and in CD4+ lymphocytes were not significantly different between patients and controls. The geometric mean of fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Foxp3+ expression in CD4+CD25+High cells was significantly decreased in patients than controls. Positive correlations were observed between both age and insulin C peptide and frequency of CD4+CD25+High Foxp3. Conclusion: The percentage of regulatory T cells; CD4+CD25+High Foxp3 was decreased in children with recent T1D and may have a role in its pathogenesis. Their role as a prognostic signifi cance and their relation to various complications should be explored.

Four fat replacers (carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, soy flour and goat (Chevon) meat were added at three levels (0.3, 0.5 and 1%), (1.5, 3 and 4.5%), (5, 10 and 15%) and (25, 50 and 100%) to prepared low-fat beef burger. Chemical, caloric values, thiobarbutric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, and nitrogen compounds (total soluble nitrogen, soluble protein nitrogen and non protein nitrogen were evaluated. The data revealed that raw and grilled beef burger formulated with fat replacers were higher in moisture, protein, ash and carbohydrate and lower in fat than control. Protein was decreased but ash and carbohydrate were increased as fat replacers increased. After grilling moisture, protein and fat were decreased but ash and carbohydrate were increased. Caloric values were decreased by grilling than ungrilled beef burger. Samples containing soy flour at different ratios in raw or grilled state had the lower thiobarbituric acid values. Carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose and soy flour reduced the level of total volatile basic nitrogen. Furthermore, the highest total soluble nitrogen was found beef burger containing different soy flour ratios. Extending storage time of high and low-fat beef burgers as influenced by different fat replacers to 3 months at -20℃ reduced moisture, protein and nitrogen compounds but increased ash, fat, carbohydrate, thiobarbituric acid values and total volatile basic nitrogen. The aim of this study was carried out in an attempt to clarify the effect of adding fat replacers on the nutrition status of low-fat beef burger.

Four fat replacers (carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, soy flour and goat (Chevon) meat were added at three levels (0.3, 0.5 and 1%), (1.5, 3 and 4.5%), (5, 10 and 15%) and (25, 50 and 100%) to prepared low-fat beef burger. Chemical, caloric values, thiobarbutric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, and nitrogen compounds (total soluble nitrogen, soluble protein nitrogen and non protein nitrogen were evaluated. The data revealed that raw and grilled beef burger formulated with fat replacers were higher in moisture, protein, ash and carbohydrate and lower in fat than control. Protein was decreased but ash and carbohydrate were increased as fat replacers increased. After grilling moisture, protein and fat were decreased but ash and carbohydrate were increased. Caloric values were decreased by grilling than ungrilled beef burger. Samples containing soy flour at different ratios in raw or grilled state had the lower thiobarbituric acid values. Carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose and soy flour reduced the level of total volatile basic nitrogen. Furthermore, the highest total soluble nitrogen was found beef burger containing different soy flour ratios. Extending storage time of high and low-fat beef burgers as influenced by different fat replacers to 3 months at -20℃ reduced moisture, protein and nitrogen compounds but increased ash, fat, carbohydrate, thiobarbituric acid values and total volatile basic nitrogen. The aim of this study was carried out in an attempt to clarify the effect of adding fat replacers on the nutrition status of low-fat beef burger.