The goal of the current paper is to explore the role of liver biopsy as a tool in detection of hepatic oxidative stress, with brief notes on different types of free radicals, antioxidants, hepatic and blood oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. Hepatic oxidative stress was investigated for many years in human and animals, but most of the studies performed in animalswere concerned with studying oxidative status in the liver tissues after slaughtering or euthanasia. However, in human medicine, a large number of studies were implemented to investigate the status of antioxidants in liver biopsy specimens. Similar studies are required in animals, as the changes in hepatic antioxidants and formation of lipid peroxide give a good idea about the condition of the liver. On the other hand, hepatic disease may present without significant effect on blood oxidative status, and, consequently, the best way to detect the status of hepatic oxidants and antioxidants is through measuring in liver biopsy. Measuring antioxidants status directly in the liver tissues gives an accurate estimation about the condition of the liver, permits the diagnosis of hepatic dysfunction, and helps to determine the degree of deterioration in the hepatic cells.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the difference in the synovial fluid constituents in cattle, buffaloes, camels, and donkeys. A total number of 20 clinically healthy adult male animals (cattle (N=5), buffaloes (N=5), camels (N=5), and donkeys (N=5) were subjected to study. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the metacarpophalangeal joint under complete aseptic conditions. The samples were examined physically, cytologically, and biochemically. Synovial fluid analysis revealed significant variations in specific gravity, total leukocyte counts, total proteins, albumin, globulins, glucose levels, and alkaline phosphatase activity among investigated animal species.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the difference in the synovial fluid constituents in cattle, buffaloes, camels, and donkeys. A total number of 20 clinically healthy adult male animals (cattle (N=5), buffaloes (N=5), camels (N=5), and donkeys (N=5) were subjected to study. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the metacarpophalangeal joint under complete aseptic conditions. The samples were examined physically, cytologically, and biochemically. Synovial fluid analysis revealed significant variations in specific gravity, total leukocyte counts, total proteins, albumin, globulins, glucose levels, and alkaline phosphatase activity among investigated animal species.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the difference in the synovial fluid constituents in cattle, buffaloes, camels, and donkeys. A total number of 20 clinically healthy adult male animals (cattle (N=5), buffaloes (N=5), camels (N=5), and donkeys (N=5) were subjected to study. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the metacarpophalangeal joint under complete aseptic conditions. The samples were examined physically, cytologically, and biochemically. Synovial fluid analysis revealed significant variations in specific gravity, total leukocyte counts, total proteins, albumin, globulins, glucose levels, and alkaline phosphatase activity among investigated animal species.

The efficiency of two primer sets that used for diagnosis of Theileria annulata infection in cattle were evaluated in 28 cows that showed clinical signs of theileriosis. Both conventional method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were used to confirm theileria infection. For PCR, two primer sets that amplify the 30 kDa major merozoite surface antigen gene were used. Only 12 cows (42.85%) were positive for theileria infection with blood film. Higher number of cows were diagnosed positive by using PCR, the number of positive cows using primer set one (N516/N517) was 21 cows (75%) and by using primer set two (Tams1F/Tspm1R) was 27 (96.42%). It could be concluded that primer set Tams1F/Tspm1R is the first choice when diagnosis of Theileria annulata is decided.

The efficiency of two primer sets that used for diagnosis of Theileria annulata infection in cattle were evaluated in 28 cows that showed clinical signs of theileriosis. Both conventional method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were used to confirm theileria infection. For PCR, two primer sets that amplify the 30 kDa major merozoite surface antigen gene were used. Only 12 cows (42.85%) were positive for theileria infection with blood film. Higher number of cows were diagnosed positive by using PCR, the number of positive cows using primer set one (N516/N517) was 21 cows (75%) and by using primer set two (Tams1F/Tspm1R) was 27 (96.42%). It could be concluded that primer set Tams1F/Tspm1R is the first choice when diagnosis of Theileria annulata is decided.

The aim of this work was to identify the fungal isolates present in the genitalia of the repeat breeding mare and application of acriflavine and normal saline as an intrauterine lavage for its treatment. A total number of 75 mixed bred mares were introduced to the Vet. Teaching Clinic, Assiut University, Department of Theriogenology between January 2007 and December 2008 included in this study. These animals had clinically normal genitalia but failed to conceive after at least 3 times of natural mating. Out of them, 40 mares showed positive mycotic infection. The mares were treated twice with one week interval. According to treatments the animals divided into four groups, 10 mares for each. First group (G1) was treated with saline, second group (G2) treated with acriflavine dissolved in distilled water in concentration 1:1000, third group (G3) treated with streptomycin 2 gm and the fourth group (G4) left without treatment. After the second treatment, all mares were left for one cycle then mated with highly fertile stallion then pregnancy diagnosis was done using ultrasonography at 30-45 days after mating. The obtained results revealed that, the common isolates genera from the swabs were Aspergillus (37.33%), Acremonium (20.82%), Paecilomyces (11.11%), Fusarium (9.33%), Penicillium (7.55%), Mucor (5.33%), Alternaria and Drechslera (2.22% each),), Trichothecium and Cladospotium (1.78% each), and Candida (0.004%). The most common Aspergillus subspecies were A. fumigatus and A. niger. The detectable mycotoxins were Alfatoxine B1, B2, G as well as Aflatoxine B1 and B2, Citrinin and Zearalenone which were extracted from A. flavous, A. terrus, A. parasiticus and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. The conception rates were 40%, 60%, 10%, 0% in G1, G2, G3 and G4 group, respectively. Therefore, it could be advised that the use of sterile physiological saline and/or diluted acriflavine could be indicated to counteract such sort of genital fungal infections successfully.

The aim of this work was to identify the fungal isolates present in the genitalia of the repeat breeding mare and application of acriflavine and normal saline as an intrauterine lavage for its treatment. A total number of 75 mixed bred mares were introduced to the Vet. Teaching Clinic, Assiut University, Department of Theriogenology between January 2007 and December 2008 included in this study. These animals had clinically normal genitalia but failed to conceive after at least 3 times of natural mating. Out of them, 40 mares showed positive mycotic infection. The mares were treated twice with one week interval. According to treatments the animals divided into four groups, 10 mares for each. First group (G1) was treated with saline, second group (G2) treated with acriflavine dissolved in distilled water in concentration 1:1000, third group (G3) treated with streptomycin 2 gm and the fourth group (G4) left without treatment. After the second treatment, all mares were left for one cycle then mated with highly fertile stallion then pregnancy diagnosis was done using ultrasonography at 30-45 days after mating. The obtained results revealed that, the common isolates genera from the swabs were Aspergillus (37.33%), Acremonium (20.82%), Paecilomyces (11.11%), Fusarium (9.33%), Penicillium (7.55%), Mucor (5.33%), Alternaria and Drechslera (2.22% each),), Trichothecium and Cladospotium (1.78% each), and Candida (0.004%). The most common Aspergillus subspecies were A. fumigatus and A. niger. The detectable mycotoxins were Alfatoxine B1, B2, G as well as Aflatoxine B1 and B2, Citrinin and Zearalenone which were extracted from A. flavous, A. terrus, A. parasiticus and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. The conception rates were 40%, 60%, 10%, 0% in G1, G2, G3 and G4 group, respectively. Therefore, it could be advised that the use of sterile physiological saline and/or diluted acriflavine could be indicated to counteract such sort of genital fungal infections successfully.

The aim of this work was to identify the fungal isolates present in the genitalia of the repeat breeding mare and application of acriflavine and normal saline as an intrauterine lavage for its treatment. A total number of 75 mixed bred mares were introduced to the Vet. Teaching Clinic, Assiut University, Department of Theriogenology between January 2007 and December 2008 included in this study. These animals had clinically normal genitalia but failed to conceive after at least 3 times of natural mating. Out of them, 40 mares showed positive mycotic infection. The mares were treated twice with one week interval. According to treatments the animals divided into four groups, 10 mares for each. First group (G1) was treated with saline, second group (G2) treated with acriflavine dissolved in distilled water in concentration 1:1000, third group (G3) treated with streptomycin 2 gm and the fourth group (G4) left without treatment. After the second treatment, all mares were left for one cycle then mated with highly fertile stallion then pregnancy diagnosis was done using ultrasonography at 30-45 days after mating. The obtained results revealed that, the common isolates genera from the swabs were Aspergillus (37.33%), Acremonium (20.82%), Paecilomyces (11.11%), Fusarium (9.33%), Penicillium (7.55%), Mucor (5.33%), Alternaria and Drechslera (2.22% each),), Trichothecium and Cladospotium (1.78% each), and Candida (0.004%). The most common Aspergillus subspecies were A. fumigatus and A. niger. The detectable mycotoxins were Alfatoxine B1, B2, G as well as Aflatoxine B1 and B2, Citrinin and Zearalenone which were extracted from A. flavous, A. terrus, A. parasiticus and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. The conception rates were 40%, 60%, 10%, 0% in G1, G2, G3 and G4 group, respectively. Therefore, it could be advised that the use of sterile physiological saline and/or diluted acriflavine could be indicated to counteract such sort of genital fungal infections successfully.

The aim of this work was to identify the fungal isolates present in the genitalia of the repeat breeding mare and application of acriflavine and normal saline as an intrauterine lavage for its treatment. A total number of 75 mixed bred mares were introduced to the Vet. Teaching Clinic, Assiut University, Department of Theriogenology between January 2007 and December 2008 included in this study. These animals had clinically normal genitalia but failed to conceive after at least 3 times of natural mating. Out of them, 40 mares showed positive mycotic infection. The mares were treated twice with one week interval. According to treatments the animals divided into four groups, 10 mares for each. First group (G1) was treated with saline, second group (G2) treated with acriflavine dissolved in distilled water in concentration 1:1000, third group (G3) treated with streptomycin 2 gm and the fourth group (G4) left without treatment. After the second treatment, all mares were left for one cycle then mated with highly fertile stallion then pregnancy diagnosis was done using ultrasonography at 30-45 days after mating. The obtained results revealed that, the common isolates genera from the swabs were Aspergillus (37.33%), Acremonium (20.82%), Paecilomyces (11.11%), Fusarium (9.33%), Penicillium (7.55%), Mucor (5.33%), Alternaria and Drechslera (2.22% each),), Trichothecium and Cladospotium (1.78% each), and Candida (0.004%). The most common Aspergillus subspecies were A. fumigatus and A. niger. The detectable mycotoxins were Alfatoxine B1, B2, G as well as Aflatoxine B1 and B2, Citrinin and Zearalenone which were extracted from A. flavous, A. terrus, A. parasiticus and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. The conception rates were 40%, 60%, 10%, 0% in G1, G2, G3 and G4 group, respectively. Therefore, it could be advised that the use of sterile physiological saline and/or diluted acriflavine could be indicated to counteract such sort of genital fungal infections successfully.