Optimal transition buffaloe health is the key to success in the subsequent lactation. Increasing attention has been focused on management and nutritional practices that support it. The present research, therefore, aimed to investigate the oxidative stress indices in blood during periparturient period and the effects of vitamin E and Se supplementation on them. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring steady concentration of free radicals in blood, rate of lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes, oxidants antioxidant status was evaluated in 22 buffaloe cows. Weekly vitamin E and selenium supplemented buffaloes (n = 15) was started 8 weeks before calving; the control buffaloes (n = 7) were not supplemented. Blood was sampled 4 times with 2 weeks interval for 8 weeks before calving, on calving day, and weekly done 4 times after calving. Blood samples were analyzed for nitric oxide (NO), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and vitamin E. Results showed that concentrations of NO, MDA decreased (p0.001) in the treated group and tended to increase in the control group. Mean values of antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, Catalase, GSH-px) decreased gradually before parturition in both groups, after parturition gradual and highly significant increase (p0.001, p0.01 and p0.01 respectively at the 4th week postpartum) was observed in the treated group. Collectively the values of blood antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly higher in treated animals than the control animals during periparturient period. The vitamin E concentration in the blood was greater in the treated group in comparison to control group. Positive correlation was observed between blood MDA and NO, negative correlation was observed between blood MDA, Catalase, SOD, GSH-px and vitamin E. It could be concluded that supplementation of the animal with antioxidants, like vitamin E and Se has beneficial effects on general health condition.

Human sewage waste waters and sewage sludge have been utilized in areas around Assiut City, Egypt , for irrigation as a source of plant nutrients and soil amendment. The problem of this practice is the presence of considerable concentrations of heavy metals which are considered harmful to plants and / or animals . The aim of work was to evaluate correlation of some heavy metals in nature and their levels in blood of buffalo calves fed on sewage irrigated pastures. Samples of water ( 5,10 ) , Soil ( 4,7 ) and dietary green pasture ( 5,9 ) were collected from non- polluted and polluted areas respectively. Blood samples were collected from control ( 12 ) and Exposed ( 25 ) Buffalo Calves 6 – 9 months ages. Human Sewage was the source of pollution at some villages near Assiut. Non – polluted areas were clean and irrigated with water from River Nile. Lead , cadmium, iron, copper and zinc were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer . Significant elevation ( P 0.05 ) was reported in mean values of lead 0.05 ± 0.001, 1.37 ± 0.03 and 14.12 ± 2.11 ppm in water , soil and dietary plants respectively at polluted areas. The same trend was observed in cadmium with high significant ( P 0.01 ) rise to value of 2.15 ± 0.11 ppm in dietary plants . Slight elevations were reported in mean values of iron ( 310.11 ± 34.04 ppm ) ,copper ( 20.16 ± 2.71 ppm ) and Zinc ( 32.14 ± 2.81 ppm ) at polluted areas. Significant elevation ( P 0.05 ) was reported in mean value of lead and cadmium in blood of exposed buffalo calves . Values for lead and cadmium were 0.151 ± 0.112 and 0.480 ± 0.091 ppm respectively . Blood of exposed animals had higher concentration of lead (> 6 folds ) and cadmium (> 9 folds )than the corresponding control values. The biometals Fe, Cu and Zn had lower values in blood of exposed animals and their values were 97.71 ± 6.23 , 69.78 ± 5.45 and 89.21 ± 3.14 ug / dl respectively .

The present study aimed to estimate the reflection of auto-exhaustions on levels of lead in blood, feces and hair in the exposed donkeys, the effect of lead toxicity on serum levels of macro-and micro-elements and to evaluate the relationship between them. This study constituted 64 donkeys aging from four years to 15 years old of both sex. The studied animals included 40 donkeys which are exposing daily to lead air pollution of motor vehicles (urban areas) and 24 donkeys in non-exposed localities (rural areas) were used as Control groups. Studied donkeys have been treated with wide spectrum anti-helminthes and subjected to careful clinical methods of examination. Whole blood, hair and fecal samples were collected from all animals in the study and prepared in the required form for estimation of lead levels by the atomic absorption spectrometry. Blood serum samples were collected from all animals in the study for biochemical analysis of macro-elements calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and micro-elements zinc, copper and iron. Clinical examination revealed poor performance of lead exposed donkeys and ensured the healthy condition of the control group. Estimation of lead levels in whole blood, hair and feces were highly significant (p 0.01) in exposed donkeys if compared with control group. The levels of lead in hair of adult exposed donkeys (9-15) years were significantly (p 0.05) higher if compared with the young group (4-8) years, while lead levels in whole blood and feces showed no significant changes between the two groups. Male exposed donkeys showed higher significant (p 1.01) lead levels in mane hair if compared with the female exposed donkeys, while no significant changes were found in whole blood and feces between the two groups. Biochemical blood serum analysis of macro and microelements in examined donkeys indicated highly significant (p 0.01) decrease in levels of Ca and P (mg/dl) and significant decrease (p 0.05) in levels of Mg (mg/dl) in lead exposed donkeys if compared with the control group. In addition there were highly significant (p 0.01) decrease in serum Zn levels and significant (p 0.05) decrease in Cu, Fe (ug/dl) in lead exposed donkeys. Correlation between blood lead levels and blood serum macro-and micro-elements in lead exposed donkeys indicated non-significant negative correlations in serum Ca, Mg and Cu, while there were significant negative correlations in serum levels of P, Fe and Zn. The obtained results could conclude that the air is polluted with lead emitted from auto-exhaustions in the studied area. This resulted in increased levels of lead in all exposed animals causing poor performance in these animals. Increased lead levels in the hair samples than in blood and feces in exposed donkeys may indicate chronic exposure to air lead pollution and ensure the diagnostic value of hair in estimation of air lead pollution. Older male donkeys are highly risky than young female ones. Increased levels of lead in the blood had adverse effect on the serum levels of macro-elements Negative correlation is found between blood levels of lead and serum levels of macro and micro-elements in lead exposed donkeys.

The present study aimed to estimate the reflection of auto-exhaustions on levels of lead in blood, feces and hair in the exposed donkeys, the effect of lead toxicity on serum levels of macro-and micro-elements and to evaluate the relationship between them. This study constituted 64 donkeys aging from four years to 15 years old of both sex. The studied animals included 40 donkeys which are exposing daily to lead air pollution of motor vehicles (urban areas) and 24 donkeys in non-exposed localities (rural areas) were used as Control groups. Studied donkeys have been treated with wide spectrum anti-helminthes and subjected to careful clinical methods of examination. Whole blood, hair and fecal samples were collected from all animals in the study and prepared in the required form for estimation of lead levels by the atomic absorption spectrometry. Blood serum samples were collected from all animals in the study for biochemical analysis of macro-elements calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and micro-elements zinc, copper and iron. Clinical examination revealed poor performance of lead exposed donkeys and ensured the healthy condition of the control group. Estimation of lead levels in whole blood, hair and feces were highly significant (p 0.01) in exposed donkeys if compared with control group. The levels of lead in hair of adult exposed donkeys (9-15) years were significantly (p 0.05) higher if compared with the young group (4-8) years, while lead levels in whole blood and feces showed no significant changes between the two groups. Male exposed donkeys showed higher significant (p 1.01) lead levels in mane hair if compared with the female exposed donkeys, while no significant changes were found in whole blood and feces between the two groups. Biochemical blood serum analysis of macro and microelements in examined donkeys indicated highly significant (p 0.01) decrease in levels of Ca and P (mg/dl) and significant decrease (p 0.05) in levels of Mg (mg/dl) in lead exposed donkeys if compared with the control group. In addition there were highly significant (p 0.01) decrease in serum Zn levels and significant (p 0.05) decrease in Cu, Fe (ug/dl) in lead exposed donkeys. Correlation between blood lead levels and blood serum macro-and micro-elements in lead exposed donkeys indicated non-significant negative correlations in serum Ca, Mg and Cu, while there were significant negative correlations in serum levels of P, Fe and Zn. The obtained results could conclude that the air is polluted with lead emitted from auto-exhaustions in the studied area. This resulted in increased levels of lead in all exposed animals causing poor performance in these animals. Increased lead levels in the hair samples than in blood and feces in exposed donkeys may indicate chronic exposure to air lead pollution and ensure the diagnostic value of hair in estimation of air lead pollution. Older male donkeys are highly risky than young female ones. Increased levels of lead in the blood had adverse effect on the serum levels of macro-elements Negative correlation is found between blood levels of lead and serum levels of macro and micro-elements in lead exposed donkeys.

The present study aimed to estimate the reflection of auto-exhaustions on levels of lead in blood, feces and hair in the exposed donkeys, the effect of lead toxicity on serum levels of macro-and micro-elements and to evaluate the relationship between them. This study constituted 64 donkeys aging from four years to 15 years old of both sex. The studied animals included 40 donkeys which are exposing daily to lead air pollution of motor vehicles (urban areas) and 24 donkeys in non-exposed localities (rural areas) were used as Control groups. Studied donkeys have been treated with wide spectrum anti-helminthes and subjected to careful clinical methods of examination. Whole blood, hair and fecal samples were collected from all animals in the study and prepared in the required form for estimation of lead levels by the atomic absorption spectrometry. Blood serum samples were collected from all animals in the study for biochemical analysis of macro-elements calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and micro-elements zinc, copper and iron. Clinical examination revealed poor performance of lead exposed donkeys and ensured the healthy condition of the control group. Estimation of lead levels in whole blood, hair and feces were highly significant (p 0.01) in exposed donkeys if compared with control group. The levels of lead in hair of adult exposed donkeys (9-15) years were significantly (p 0.05) higher if compared with the young group (4-8) years, while lead levels in whole blood and feces showed no significant changes between the two groups. Male exposed donkeys showed higher significant (p 1.01) lead levels in mane hair if compared with the female exposed donkeys, while no significant changes were found in whole blood and feces between the two groups. Biochemical blood serum analysis of macro and microelements in examined donkeys indicated highly significant (p 0.01) decrease in levels of Ca and P (mg/dl) and significant decrease (p 0.05) in levels of Mg (mg/dl) in lead exposed donkeys if compared with the control group. In addition there were highly significant (p 0.01) decrease in serum Zn levels and significant (p 0.05) decrease in Cu, Fe (ug/dl) in lead exposed donkeys. Correlation between blood lead levels and blood serum macro-and micro-elements in lead exposed donkeys indicated non-significant negative correlations in serum Ca, Mg and Cu, while there were significant negative correlations in serum levels of P, Fe and Zn. The obtained results could conclude that the air is polluted with lead emitted from auto-exhaustions in the studied area. This resulted in increased levels of lead in all exposed animals causing poor performance in these animals. Increased lead levels in the hair samples than in blood and feces in exposed donkeys may indicate chronic exposure to air lead pollution and ensure the diagnostic value of hair in estimation of air lead pollution. Older male donkeys are highly risky than young female ones. Increased levels of lead in the blood had adverse effect on the serum levels of macro-elements Negative correlation is found between blood levels of lead and serum levels of macro and micro-elements in lead exposed donkeys.

The prevalence of parasitic infestation was studied in camels. A total of 460 camels of different age, sex and localities were examined. Collected fecal samples were subjected to sedimentation and floatation techniques and then examined for parasitic eggs. Fecal examination revealed that 26.9% (124 out of 460) of the camels parasitic eggs in their feces. Different types of parasites eggs prevalence were Strongylus sp. 8.2%, Trichostrongylus sp. 6.7, Trichuris sp. 4.7%, and mixed infections with parasites were recorded in 7.1 %. In these results recorded hard ticks infestation in camels 28.6%. Sarcoptic scabei var cameli (mange) infest camels 12.1%. Moreover, camels are infected by Trypanosoma evansi 9.5%. The prevalence of parasitic infestation internal and external observed in the present study suggests that parasites are more common in the farms or herds that examined and may be leads to economic camel production losses, there is need to control program application.