Diagnosis of bovine theileriosis was carried out by blood film and polymerase chain reaction-PCR methods. In the current study, Theileria annulata merozoite piroplasm Surface Antigen (Tams-1) target based PCR was used for specific detection of T. annulata infection in cattle from different localities in Upper Egypt then followed by cloning and sequencing of this gene then alignment of all obtained sequences and their translated amino acids to studying its polymorphism among different local strains. The results of this study concluded that blood film is still important for diagnosis. (Tams-1) target based PCR test was more sensitive than blood film. The infection rates with T. annulata in the examined cattle were 46.19% and 28.57% by using Tams-1 target based PCR and thin blood film, respectively. The (Tams-1) gene sequencing, alignment and translation into amino acids concluded that Tams-1 sequences and its translated amino acids were highly variable. This makes it not recommended for use in vaccination and/or serological diagnostic tests. The sequences and their translated amino acids were deposited in the GenBankTM databases and available under accession numbers as following (GenBankTM: KJ021626, GenBankTM: KJ021627, GenBankTM: KJ021628, GenBankTM: KJ021629).

Diagnosis of bovine theileriosis was carried out by blood film and polymerase chain reaction-PCR methods. In the current study, Theileria annulata merozoite piroplasm Surface Antigen (Tams-1) target based PCR was used for specific detection of T. annulata infection in cattle from different localities in Upper Egypt then followed by cloning and sequencing of this gene then alignment of all obtained sequences and their translated amino acids to studying its polymorphism among different local strains. The results of this study concluded that blood film is still important for diagnosis. (Tams-1) target based PCR test was more sensitive than blood film. The infection rates with T. annulata in the examined cattle were 46.19% and 28.57% by using Tams-1 target based PCR and thin blood film, respectively. The (Tams-1) gene sequencing, alignment and translation into amino acids concluded that Tams-1 sequences and its translated amino acids were highly variable. This makes it not recommended for use in vaccination and/or serological diagnostic tests. The sequences and their translated amino acids were deposited in the GenBankTM databases and available under accession numbers as following (GenBankTM: KJ021626, GenBankTM: KJ021627, GenBankTM: KJ021628, GenBankTM: KJ021629).

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay was used for detection of Theileria annulata infection in field samples from both cattle and buffaloes. These samples were collected from three governorates in Upper Egypt that include Assiut, EL-Fayoum and EL-wady EL-Gaded governorates. Reverse Line Blot (RLB) assay was used as a reference test for evaluation of LAMP assay efficacy in the diagnosis of bovine theileriosis. The obtained results revealed that according to the results of LAMP assay the infection rates were 65.24% and 43.24% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The evaluation study of LAMP test revealed high sensitivity in cattle (78.10%) if compared with buffaloes (47.37%). Specificity was higher in buffaloes (61.11%) if compared with cattle (57.53%). This study concluded that the LAMP assay was sensitive and specific assay in diagnosis of Theileria annulata infection. So, it is recommended to use LAMP assay, especially during molecular epidemiological surveys, which should be applied on a wide range because it will give a clear picture about the epidemiology of the disease, which helps in its prevention and control.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay was used for detection of Theileria annulata infection in field samples from both cattle and buffaloes. These samples were collected from three governorates in Upper Egypt that include Assiut, EL-Fayoum and EL-wady EL-Gaded governorates. Reverse Line Blot (RLB) assay was used as a reference test for evaluation of LAMP assay efficacy in the diagnosis of bovine theileriosis. The obtained results revealed that according to the results of LAMP assay the infection rates were 65.24% and 43.24% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The evaluation study of LAMP test revealed high sensitivity in cattle (78.10%) if compared with buffaloes (47.37%). Specificity was higher in buffaloes (61.11%) if compared with cattle (57.53%). This study concluded that the LAMP assay was sensitive and specific assay in diagnosis of Theileria annulata infection. So, it is recommended to use LAMP assay, especially during molecular epidemiological surveys, which should be applied on a wide range because it will give a clear picture about the epidemiology of the disease, which helps in its prevention and control.