This study assessed the neuroprotective potential of empagliflozin (EMPA) as antidiabetic drug on glucose metabolism,
comparing it to rivastigmine (RIVA) as standard treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and their combination. Male rats were
sorted into five groups. Group I served as the control, while groups II, III, IV, and V received the scopolamine plus heavy metal
mixture for AD induction. Groups III and IV were administered RIVA and EMPA, respectively, and group V received both
treatments. Cognitive function was evaluated behaviorally. Subsequently, glucose levels, acetylcholinesterase, oxidative stress,
and inflammatory markers were assessed. Alongside the brain histopathological changes, the expression of phosphorylated tau
protein was assessed. Moreover, glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters were assessed using PCR analysis. The findings
were attributed to a notable suppressive impact of EMPA on lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase, glucose levels, phosphorylated
tau protein, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and neuropathological changes, while enhancing antioxidant and
interleukin‐10 levels. It also improves glucose metabolism. The findings suggest that EMPA may be a viable candidate for future
therapeutic exploration in AD, which has a multifaceted mechanism of action encompassing anti‐neuroinflammation, antioxidant
stress, and enhanced glucose metabolism, as well as decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and phosphorylated tau
protein levels. Interestingly, combined treatment showed a superior effect than EMPA alone.

One of the major consequences of diabetes mellitus that has gained attention due to its rising incidence is cognitive impairment. Recent research suggested that sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors can mitigate memory impairment linked to Alzheimer's disease and are now being explored for their cognitive benefits. However, their mechanisms were not thoroughly studied. This research investigates the hypothesis of the neuroprotective effect of empagliflozin administration against scopolamine-heavy metal mixture (SCO + HMM)-treated Alzheimer's rat models in comparison with memantine as a reference drug and the impact of their combination. Yet, the neuroprotective effects of memantine and empagliflozin combination against cognitive impairment have not been previously explored. This study employed adult male albino rats categorized into five groups. The impact of empagliflozin, memantine, and their concomitant administration on cognitive performance was assessed in a scopolamine and heavy metal mixture-treated Alzheimer's disease model in rats. The assessment of rats' cognitive behavior, memory, and spatial learning was conducted, followed by an evaluation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), beta-secretase (BACE-1), oxidative stress (OS), and inflammatory marker activity. And, a western blot analysis was conducted to detect phosphorylated 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Hippocampal and cerebellar histopathology were thoroughly examined, in addition to the expressions of amyloid β (Aβ). The current data demonstrate the involvement of the pAMPK/mTOR/HO-1 signaling pathway in empagliflozin neuroprotection against SCO + HMM-induced AD. In addition, it reduces AD hallmarks (Aβ and BACE1), neuro-inflammation, and oxidative stress sequelae, and enhances neurogenesis and synaptic density via BDNF. This study proposes that EMPA, especially when co-administered with other conventional anti-Alzheimer therapy, may be formulated into an innovative therapeutic strategy for the enhancement of cognitive impairments associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

Objectives: To describe a technique for arthroscopy of the fetlock joint of the dromedary

camel, and the problems that could occur during and after arthroscopy. Methods: Seven animals (4 cadaveric limbs and 3 living camels) were used in this study. Two dorsal arthroscopic portals (lateral and medial) and one palmaro-lateral portal were used. Distension of the joint capsule was affected by injecting Ringer´s lactate solution into the joint cavity. Landmarks for the dorsal arthroscopic portals were located at the Centre of the groove bounded by the lateral branch of the suspensory ligament and the large metacarpus at a point 1 cm proximal to the joint. The palmaro-lateral portal was located in a triangular area between the branch of the suspensory ligament, the large metacarpus, and the sesamoid bone, with insertion of the arthroscope in a 45° joint flexion angle.

Results: Arthroscopy of the fetlock joint via the dorso-lateral portal allowed examination

of the distal end of the large metacarpus and the proximal end of the first phalanx of the

fourth digit. Arthroscopy via a dorso-medial approach allowed examination of the distal

end of the large metacarpus and the proximal end of the first phalanx and the distal end of

the third digit. The palmaro-lateral portal allowed examination of the sesamoid bones, the synovial membrane, and the synovial villi. The main complications recorded during arthroscopy were iatrogenic articular surface injury as well as obstruction of vision with the synovial villi.

Clinical significance: This is the first work to describe the normal arthroscopy of the fetlock

joint in the dromedary camel, the arthroscopic portals, and the complications that could occur during and after arthroscopy. Further studies are required for the diagnosis of pathological changes in the fetlock joint of the dromedary camel and for arthroscopy of other

joints in the dromedary camel.

Bartonella species (Bartonella spp.) have gained recognition as a significant human pathogen, implicated in a wide range of diseases. Among these, Bartonella henselae infection has been extensively studied for its primary occurrence in cats and its role in the development of cat-scratch disease in humans. While light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have traditionally played crucial roles in identifying causative agents of infectious diseases, including Bartonella spp., the accuracy of these methods in identifying Bartonella spp. remains undefined. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by employing both light microscopy and TEM to detect Bartonella in feline blood samples and to confirm B. henselae with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Examination of blood smears stained with Giemsa and toluidine blue semithin sections by using light microscopy revealed the presence of intraerythrocytic corpuscles, suggesting Bartonella infection in six out of 33 examined cat blood samples. TEM findings corroborated these observations, showcasing the engulfment of bacteria by the erythrocyte membrane, along with the presence of some Bartonella spp., adhering to the erythrocyte wall. PCR-based molecular detection confirmed the presence of B. henselae in these six samples. It is concluded that light microscopy and TEM are considered valuable in the screening of cats' blood for the potential presence of Bartonella. However, further molecular techniques are essential for precise identification and confirmation of specific Bartonella spp.