The main objective of this study was to develop a simple and effective surgical technique for abomasal cannulation in neonatal calves. General anesthesia was induced in twelve 3-day-old male dairy calves and a polyurethane cannula surgically implanted in the abomasal body (n = 12) and pyloric antrum (n = 6) through a right paracostal incision. Fifteen cannulae remained in situ from day 3 to 34 of life (mean 29 days), and 3 cannulae were extruded 13 to 14 days after placement. Calves were clinically healthy and gained weight during the study. Cannulae were well tolerated by the calves and abomasal contents did not leak from the cannula sites. Necropsy examination revealed firm adhesions between the abomasum and parietal peritoneum at the cannula sites with no evidence of leakage or peritonitis. We conclude that surgical placement of polyurethane tubes designed for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy provided a useful method for cannulation of the abomasum of neonatal calves. The cannulation technique can be used for experimental studies, as well as for nutritional and fluid support of sick calves that cannot be managed by oral treatment.

Affections of the eyeball and its adnexal structures were variable in cattle, buffaloes and camels. In field situation, most of the affections were restricted to the eyelids and external structures of the eyeball which can be visible in the day light or with the aid of binocular magnifier. The aim of the present study was to determine different affections of the eyeball and its adnexal structures in cattle, buffaloes and camels with special reference to methods of diagnosis and possible treatment. The study was carried out on a total number of 197 animals (cattle = 101, buffaloes = 84 and camels = 12) suffering from different ophthalmic diseases. All cases were collected during the periodical visits to the villages veterinary clinics belongs to 21 provinces in Egypt during the period from 1999-2009. Different types of ophthalmic diseases were diagnosed namely; eyelid dermoids (2), eyelid tumours (3), third eyelid abscesses (13), Third eyelid dermoid (7), third eyelid tumours (5), prolapse of the nictitans gland (7), conjunctivitis (15), subconjunctival abscesses (23), subconjunctival hemorrhage (1), conjunctival tumours (4), corneal dermoids (3), corneal wounds (4), corneal ulcers (8), corneal tumours (1), corneal oedema (4), keratitis (17), infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (5), iris prolapse (7), iris staphyloma (8), heterochromia iridis (30), hyphema (4), cataracts (12), exophthamia (3), microphthalmia (2), panophthamia (5) and strabismus (4). Diagnosis was established depending on cases history, clinical signs and systemic ophthalmic examination. Most of cases were corrected medically and / or surgically with encouraging results.

The present study was designed to describe the most suitable incision site for some abdominal viscera with maximal visualization and minimal trauma. Twenty small ruminants (10 sheep and 10 goats) were subjected to different forms of left flank laparotomies. (Cranial, middle, caudal, low, and transverse paravertebral). Organs exteriorized, examined or seen at the site of incision are also considered during this study. The cranial left flank incision provides sufficient exposure of the spleen and performance of splenectomy operation. The middle left flank incision provides proper exposure of the rumen and performance of rumenotomy operation. The caudal left flank incision enables us to expose the caecum and perform caecotomy properly. The low left flank incision gives a good exposure of the pregnant uterus with application of cesarean section. The left transverse paravertebral flank incision is considered the best site to expose left kidney and avoid occurrence of peritonitis.