The laryngeal mound (LM) formed the caudal part of the pharyngeal floor, which varied in position, shape, and length at different ages. This work aimed to study the morphogenesis of the LM in the embryonic and post hatching periods grossly, histologically, and by scanning electron microscopy using forty-eight Japanese quails. The LM primordia appeared on the 8th day of incubation as a raised elevation carried on a deep median symmetrical sulcus (glottis primordium). As a result of rapid differential LM parts growth, LM took different shapes with advanced ages, finally ending in a heart shape. Internally, LM was supported by hyaline laryngeal cartilages; a C-shaped cricoid cartilage that had two wings, paired fork-like two arytenoids, and a comma-shaped procricoid that had four articulations. The glottis appeared as a central longitudinal opening on the 13th day of incubation. With age advancing, it was characterized as a wide rostral commissure and a caudal narrow one that was supported on either side by arytenoid cartilages. Additionally, on the 13th day, a bilateral sagittal row to the glottis developed, consisting of 8–9 small caudally directed papillae. At that time, rostral and caudal transverse laryngeal papillary rows appeared. LM had compound tubuloalveolar submucosal laryngeal glands that were situated between M. dilator glottidis and cricohyoideus and opened on the dorsal surface of LM. Histochemically, the early post-hatching stages of the glandular secretion were PAS-positive while late post-hatching ages had alcinophilic reactions. In conclusion, the LM had rapid morphological developmental events in the early ages other than the adult ages.

This study aimed to explore an innovative approach to enhancing the shelf-life and quality of meat products through the application of an active packaging system. The study involved the development of new free-standing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanocomposite films incorporated with nanoencapsulated flavonoids derived from pomegranate extract. The loaded flavonoids, known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, were nanoencapsulated via a self-assembly approach in a mixture of chitosan and sodium alginate to improve their stability, solubility, and controlled release characteristics. Chemical structure, size, and morphology of the obtained nanoparticles (Pg-NPs) were studied with FTIR, zeta-sizer, and TEM. The Pg-NPs showed particle size of 232 nm, and zeta-potential of −20.7 mV. Various free-standing nanocomposite films were then developed via incorporation of Pg-NPs into CMC …

Metronomic chemotherapy (MC), long-term continuous administration of anticancer drugs, is gaining attention as an alternative to the traditional maximum tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy. By combining MC with other treatments, the therapeutic efficacy is enhanced while minimizing toxicity. MC employs multiple mechanisms, making it a versatile approach against various cancers. However, drug resistance limits the long-term effectiveness of MC, necessitating ongoing development of anticancer drugs. Traditional drug discovery is lengthy and costly due to processes like target protein identification, virtual screening, lead optimization, and safety and efficacy evaluations. Drug repurposing (DR), which screens FDA-approved drugs for new uses, is emerging as a cost-effective alternative. Both experimental and computational methods, such as protein binding assays, in vitro cytotoxicity tests, structure-based …

This study aimed to describe the morphological features and microstructure of the upper, lower, and third eyelids of the black

winged kite, Elanus caeruleus, and to characterize the organized lymphoid follicles and lymphocytes in the eyelid mucosa.

Additionally, it aimed to illustrate the importance of the eye adnexa in the eye's immune protection. The upper, lower, and

third eyelids display varying morphological differences that seem to be closely linked to the birds' way of life, indicating adjust

ments to their environment and eating behaviors. The black-winged kite has large, forward-facing eyes positioned under a bony

shelf (lacrimal process) that shades them. Both eyelids have thick, pigmented edges and bear two rows of long, finely modified

filoplume feathers, which increase at the anterior canthus. Melanocytes appear in the stratum basale of upper and lower eyelids,

and Langerhans cells were observed. Aggregations of lymphatic cells were present under the conjunctival epithelium within the

stroma of the lower eyelid (in the orbital zone near the tarsal plate), while they were absent in the upper eyelid and nictitating

membrane. The density of goblet cells on the conjunctival surface of the upper eyelid and the nictitating membrane is higher

than that of the lower eyelid. The structure of the skin and conjunctiva in both the upper and lower eyelids contains numerous

defensive immune cells that maintain ocular safety and hydration. Additionally, the lower eyelid's CALT constitutes most of the

CALT tissue in E. caeruleus and is recognized as part of the mucosal immune system.

Introduction: Curcuma longa extract and pomegranate peel extract as homeotherapy have numerous therapeutic uses, mainly for anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective efficacy. The current study compared ORNIPURAL^® (as a commercial hepatoprotective drug) and a herbal mixture of Curcuma longa extract and pomegranate peel extract [as homeotherapy] in dogs with dexamethasone-induced hepatopathy throughout a 42-day long-term study.

Methods: The study was conducted on mongrel dogs (n = 30) throughout three phases of the experiment: an acclimatization phase (14 days), a steroidal-induced hepatopathy phase (14 days), and a treatment phase (14 days, i.e., either with ORNIPURAL® or with herbal mixtures). The investigated dogs undergoing complete clinical and ultrasonographic examinations as well as hematological analysis and serum hepatorenal biomarkers that were estimated in days 0 (control group), 7 (hepatopathy group), 14 (hepatopathy group), 21 (treatment group), and 28 (treatment group). Histopathology of the liver was conducted for some dogs on days 0, 14, and 28 after the euthanization of these animals.

Results and conclusion: The present study reported the most remarkable efficacy of both ORNIPURAL^® and a herbal mixture of Curcuma longa extract and pomegranate peel extract as hepatoprotective medicaments in the therapy of dexamethasone-induced fatty liver in dogs. Therefore, a 14-day treatment with either a herbal mixture or ORNIPURAL^® in treated dogs (treatment groups) induced an unmistakable improvement in their clinical status, blood pictures, and serum hepatorenal parameters as well as characteristic sonographic and histopathological findings compared with those in dexamethasone-induced hepatic lipidosis (hepatopathy groups). Compared to dogs treated with ORNIPURAL^®, this clinical improvement was more evident in dogs treated with an herbal mixture. Moreover, no significant alterations in blood pictures and serum hepatorenal indices were demonstrated between ORNIPURAL^® and herbal-treated dogs. Overall, the herbal mix of Curcuma longa extract and pomegranate peel extract had higher efficacy and greater potency than conventional therapy that uses ORNIPURAL® in treating dogs with hepatopathy. The study also recommended the parallel use of this herbal mixture as well as ORNIPURAL® in long-term therapeutic strategies in dogs with dexamethasone-induced fatty liver as both minimized dexamethasone side effects. Ultrasonography alone was not enough to evaluate hepatobiliary disorders in canines.