Abstract Aim: This study was designed for clinical and laboratory evaluation of intestinal obstruction (IO) in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with special emphasis on the diagnostic value of ultrasonographic findings. Materials and Methods: A  total number of 30 buffaloes were included in the study and divided into 2 groups: Healthy (n=10) and diseased group (n=20). Diseased buffaloes were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Assiut University, Egypt, with a history of anorexia, abdominal pain, various degrees of abdominal distention, and absence or presence of scanty mucoid faces. These animals were subjected to clinical and ultrasonographic as well as laboratory examinations. Results: Based on ultrasonographic findings, various forms of IO were diagnosed. Functional obstruction, paralytic ileus, was diagnosed in 17  cases (85%) while mechanical IO was diagnosed only in 3  cases (15%). Out of 17  cases of paralytic ileus, both proximal and distal ileuses were successfully imaged in 8 and 9  cases, respectively. Proximal ileus was imaged from the right dorsal flank region as a single dilated loop of diameter >6  cm, while distal ileus was imaged as multiple dilated loops of diameter 6  cm. Mechanical obstruction due to duodenal intussusception was visualized as two concentric rings with outer echogenic wall and hypoechoic lumen. All cases of IO showed leukocytosis, hypoproteinemia, and increased activity of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase. Conclusion: Ultrasonography proved to be an essential tool for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of various forms of IO in buffaloes.

Background: The complicated problems of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in Egyptian buffaloes could be efficiently diagnosed by using of ultrasonography and some other diagnostic methods. The affections in these cases included reticulum and spleen with extension to one or more of the following organs; heart, rumen, omasum, abomasums, liver, gall bladder or intestine. Materials and Methods: This study included two groups of animals; one of them kept as a control one (n=20) and the other was a diseased (n= 30) group in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. All animas were subjected to clinical examination, whole blood profiling, blood serum biochemical assay, radiography and ultrasonographic examination. Results: The most common findings detected by ultrasonography could be summarized through a complete cessation of the reticular contractions, displacement of the reticulum from the diaphragm with a distance from 3 cm to ≥ 6 cm, the reticulum lost both of its even contour and its half-moon shaped structures and involvement of spleen. Reticular abscess and peritoneal effusions were imaged in all these diseased cases. Omasal impaction was diagnosed in buffaloes by the aids of ultrasounds with the other tools as a consequence of engulfing foreign metal and non-metal objects. Conclusion: Ultrasonography and radiography could concomitantly diagnose traumatic reticuloperitonitis and its complications.

Background: The complicated problems of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in Egyptian buffaloes could be efficiently diagnosed by using of ultrasonography and some other diagnostic methods. The affections in these cases included reticulum and spleen with extension to one or more of the following organs; heart, rumen, omasum, abomasums, liver, gall bladder or intestine. Materials and Methods: This study included two groups of animals; one of them kept as a control one (n=20) and the other was a diseased (n= 30) group in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. All animas were subjected to clinical examination, whole blood profiling, blood serum biochemical assay, radiography and ultrasonographic examination. Results: The most common findings detected by ultrasonography could be summarized through a complete cessation of the reticular contractions, displacement of the reticulum from the diaphragm with a distance from 3 cm to ≥ 6 cm, the reticulum lost both of its even contour and its half-moon shaped structures and involvement of spleen. Reticular abscess and peritoneal effusions were imaged in all these diseased cases. Omasal impaction was diagnosed in buffaloes by the aids of ultrasounds with the other tools as a consequence of engulfing foreign metal and non-metal objects. Conclusion: Ultrasonography and radiography could concomitantly diagnose traumatic reticuloperitonitis and its complications.

This study aimed to describe the normal ultrasonographic image of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen in Egyptian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The obtained results were compared to the normal reference values that had been previously established in cattle. This study was carried out on thirty healthy buffalo. Complete clinical examination, hematological pictures profiling, blood biochemical analysis of different parameters such as total blood serum proteins, albumins, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, triglycerides and cholesterol, radiography and ultrasonographic examination were done. The clinical findings, blood pictures and blood biochemical levels agreed with the previously reported reference values of healthy buffaloes. Radiography of the healthy buffaloes showed free reticulum, normal heart and well-identified diaphragm. The heart appeared as radio-opaque structure. This study could detect the suitable site for visualization of reticulum, omasum, abomasums, rumen, small intestine and large intestine. It also described the normal ultrasonographic patterns of these organs. It was very essential to establish these ultrasonographic findings to improve the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography for evaluation of different gastrointestinal organs in healthy buffaloes that will be very useful in the future detection of the abnormal findings associated with gastrointestinal diseases.

This study aimed to describe the normal ultrasonographic image of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen in Egyptian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The obtained results were compared to the normal reference values that had been previously established in cattle. This study was carried out on thirty healthy buffalo. Complete clinical examination, hematological pictures profiling, blood biochemical analysis of different parameters such as total blood serum proteins, albumins, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, triglycerides and cholesterol, radiography and ultrasonographic examination were done. The clinical findings, blood pictures and blood biochemical levels agreed with the previously reported reference values of healthy buffaloes. Radiography of the healthy buffaloes showed free reticulum, normal heart and well-identified diaphragm. The heart appeared as radio-opaque structure. This study could detect the suitable site for visualization of reticulum, omasum, abomasums, rumen, small intestine and large intestine. It also described the normal ultrasonographic patterns of these organs. It was very essential to establish these ultrasonographic findings to improve the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography for evaluation of different gastrointestinal organs in healthy buffaloes that will be very useful in the future detection of the abnormal findings associated with gastrointestinal diseases.

In both experimental and natural calf pneumonia serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is reported to decrease, which may be due to involvement of cytokines in respiratory infection. This study aimed to evaluate whether a similar phenomenon occurs in dairy heifers naturally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and, in addition, to assess the relevance of LCAT to other metabolites, including tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a). An outbreak of BRSV infection happened in 12 dairy heifers on a farm and sera were obtained at days 0, 3, 7 (acute phase), 22 (convalescent phase) and 50 (postconvalescent phase). Serum concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp) and a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were remarkably increased in the acute phase, which reflected the severity of the inflammatory process due to pneumonia. However, they gradually decreased after therapy and returned to normal from day 22. Reduced serum activities of LCAT and increased serum concentrations of TNF-a were also found at days 3 and 7, respectively, compared with the postconvalescent day (day 50). This reduced LCAT activity is considered to be related to the increase of serum TNF-a because TNF-a inhibits the synthesis of mRNA of LCAT in the liver. On the other hand, the significant elevation of the serum apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentration at day 0 compared with day 50 may suggest that there is also an increased serum Hp concentration because apoA-I has affinity for Hp. The change of serum LCAT activity found in this study is involved with the changes of TNF-a, apoA- I and Hp in inflammatory pathogenesis.

In both experimental and natural calf pneumonia serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is reported to decrease, which may be due to involvement of cytokines in respiratory infection. This study aimed to evaluate whether a similar phenomenon occurs in dairy heifers naturally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and, in addition, to assess the relevance of LCAT to other metabolites, including tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a). An outbreak of BRSV infection happened in 12 dairy heifers on a farm and sera were obtained at days 0, 3, 7 (acute phase), 22 (convalescent phase) and 50 (postconvalescent phase). Serum concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp) and a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were remarkably increased in the acute phase, which reflected the severity of the inflammatory process due to pneumonia. However, they gradually decreased after therapy and returned to normal from day 22. Reduced serum activities of LCAT and increased serum concentrations of TNF-a were also found at days 3 and 7, respectively, compared with the postconvalescent day (day 50). This reduced LCAT activity is considered to be related to the increase of serum TNF-a because TNF-a inhibits the synthesis of mRNA of LCAT in the liver. On the other hand, the significant elevation of the serum apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentration at day 0 compared with day 50 may suggest that there is also an increased serum Hp concentration because apoA-I has affinity for Hp. The change of serum LCAT activity found in this study is involved with the changes of TNF-a, apoA- I and Hp in inflammatory pathogenesis.

In both experimental and natural calf pneumonia serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is reported to decrease, which may be due to involvement of cytokines in respiratory infection. This study aimed to evaluate whether a similar phenomenon occurs in dairy heifers naturally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and, in addition, to assess the relevance of LCAT to other metabolites, including tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a). An outbreak of BRSV infection happened in 12 dairy heifers on a farm and sera were obtained at days 0, 3, 7 (acute phase), 22 (convalescent phase) and 50 (postconvalescent phase). Serum concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp) and a1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were remarkably increased in the acute phase, which reflected the severity of the inflammatory process due to pneumonia. However, they gradually decreased after therapy and returned to normal from day 22. Reduced serum activities of LCAT and increased serum concentrations of TNF-a were also found at days 3 and 7, respectively, compared with the postconvalescent day (day 50). This reduced LCAT activity is considered to be related to the increase of serum TNF-a because TNF-a inhibits the synthesis of mRNA of LCAT in the liver. On the other hand, the significant elevation of the serum apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentration at day 0 compared with day 50 may suggest that there is also an increased serum Hp concentration because apoA-I has affinity for Hp. The change of serum LCAT activity found in this study is involved with the changes of TNF-a, apoA- I and Hp in inflammatory pathogenesis.

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