Abstract Background: Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram negative, microaerophilic, non-spore-forming, motile and spiral-shaped rod which is able to cause foodborne infection in human called campylobacteriosis. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of C. jejuni in chicken meat and chicken meat products. Methodology: A total of 163 samples of chicken meats and chicken meat products including 35 chicken meat samples and 128 chicken meat products were investigated for the presence of C. jejuni. To isolate the bacterium, the samples were initially enriched in Bolton broth medium and subsequently transferred to Campylobacter Charcoal Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA). The biochemical tests were used for identification of isolated bacteria at species level. Then these isolates were subjected to further confirmation by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by targeting mapA gene. Results: Four fresh chicken breast samples, two fresh chicken thigh and one frozen minced chicken meat were positive for C. jejuni. Conclusion: In this study, examined fresh chicken breast, fresh chicken thigh and frozen minced chicken meat were found contaminated with C. jejuni, so consumption of undercooked or cooked contaminated chicken and chicken products presented a possible risk for consumers. Hence, it is recommended to implement effective hygienic preventive measures to prevent campylobacteriosis in human from chicken meat.

The aimof this studywas to examine the protective effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) on 4-Nonylphenol-induced nephrotoxicity in Clarias gariepinus. 30 fishes were divided into five groups: control, 4-nonylphenol-treated, 1% N. sativa treated, 2.5% N. sativa treated, and 5% N. sativa treated. N. sativa and 4-Nonylphenol were given for 3weeks. 4-NP and 4-NP-N. sativa treated fishes were comparedwith the control group. Kidney histology, immunochemistry, and electron microscope were assessed after 4-NP exposure. In the African catfish, 4-NP is mainly excreted through the kidney causing nephrotoxicity. Our results showed that 4-NP administration significantly disturbed the kidney structure and function. 4-NP treated fishes showed dilated glomerular vessels, fewer glomerular cells content, decreased expressions of glomerular proteins, and increased level of autophagy compared to control group (P b 0.05). As N. sativa has different immunological and pharmacological effects such as anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant, therefore, the administration of N. sativawith 4-Nonylphenol significantly minimize the nephrotoxic effect of 4-NP and maintain the normal kidney structure and function. Our novel study demonstrated for the first time that N. sativa could protect the kidney against 4-NP induced-nephrotoxicity.

The aimof this studywas to examine the protective effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) on 4-Nonylphenol-induced nephrotoxicity in Clarias gariepinus. 30 fishes were divided into five groups: control, 4-nonylphenol-treated, 1% N. sativa treated, 2.5% N. sativa treated, and 5% N. sativa treated. N. sativa and 4-Nonylphenol were given for 3weeks. 4-NP and 4-NP-N. sativa treated fishes were comparedwith the control group. Kidney histology, immunochemistry, and electron microscope were assessed after 4-NP exposure. In the African catfish, 4-NP is mainly excreted through the kidney causing nephrotoxicity. Our results showed that 4-NP administration significantly disturbed the kidney structure and function. 4-NP treated fishes showed dilated glomerular vessels, fewer glomerular cells content, decreased expressions of glomerular proteins, and increased level of autophagy compared to control group (P b 0.05). As N. sativa has different immunological and pharmacological effects such as anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant, therefore, the administration of N. sativawith 4-Nonylphenol significantly minimize the nephrotoxic effect of 4-NP and maintain the normal kidney structure and function. Our novel study demonstrated for the first time that N. sativa could protect the kidney against 4-NP induced-nephrotoxicity.

The aimof this studywas to examine the protective effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) on 4-Nonylphenol-induced nephrotoxicity in Clarias gariepinus. 30 fishes were divided into five groups: control, 4-nonylphenol-treated, 1% N. sativa treated, 2.5% N. sativa treated, and 5% N. sativa treated. N. sativa and 4-Nonylphenol were given for 3weeks. 4-NP and 4-NP-N. sativa treated fishes were comparedwith the control group. Kidney histology, immunochemistry, and electron microscope were assessed after 4-NP exposure. In the African catfish, 4-NP is mainly excreted through the kidney causing nephrotoxicity. Our results showed that 4-NP administration significantly disturbed the kidney structure and function. 4-NP treated fishes showed dilated glomerular vessels, fewer glomerular cells content, decreased expressions of glomerular proteins, and increased level of autophagy compared to control group (P b 0.05). As N. sativa has different immunological and pharmacological effects such as anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant, therefore, the administration of N. sativawith 4-Nonylphenol significantly minimize the nephrotoxic effect of 4-NP and maintain the normal kidney structure and function. Our novel study demonstrated for the first time that N. sativa could protect the kidney against 4-NP induced-nephrotoxicity.

The aimof this studywas to examine the protective effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) on 4-Nonylphenol-induced nephrotoxicity in Clarias gariepinus. 30 fishes were divided into five groups: control, 4-nonylphenol-treated, 1% N. sativa treated, 2.5% N. sativa treated, and 5% N. sativa treated. N. sativa and 4-Nonylphenol were given for 3weeks. 4-NP and 4-NP-N. sativa treated fishes were comparedwith the control group. Kidney histology, immunochemistry, and electron microscope were assessed after 4-NP exposure. In the African catfish, 4-NP is mainly excreted through the kidney causing nephrotoxicity. Our results showed that 4-NP administration significantly disturbed the kidney structure and function. 4-NP treated fishes showed dilated glomerular vessels, fewer glomerular cells content, decreased expressions of glomerular proteins, and increased level of autophagy compared to control group (P b 0.05). As N. sativa has different immunological and pharmacological effects such as anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant, therefore, the administration of N. sativawith 4-Nonylphenol significantly minimize the nephrotoxic effect of 4-NP and maintain the normal kidney structure and function. Our novel study demonstrated for the first time that N. sativa could protect the kidney against 4-NP induced-nephrotoxicity.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of prebiotic on behavioral patterns of ducks (Mallard). A total of forty eight 15 days-aged ducks (Mallard) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments containing 0 (control), 1.5 (low) and 3.00 (high) gkg-1 prebiotic (AGRIMOS®), respectively. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of 4 birds each. Treatment effects on behavioral patterns were recorded using direct observation by instantaneous scan sampling technique. The results indicated that in compare to control, using prebiotic as a feed additive at dose of 1.5gkg-1 for ducks affect on their movement activities as it increased walking and standing activities, while it reduced the resting behavioral activities. Also, regarding the ingestive behavior both 1.5 and 3.00 gkg-1 increased the feeding activities, while, only 3.00 gkg-1 increased the drinking activities in compare to the control. Moreover, the result indicated that prebiotic did not affect on preening activities. However, using prebiotic as a feed additive at dose of 3.00 gkg-1 increased the leg stretching activities.Also, the results reflected that using prebiotic at both dose of 1.5gkg-1 or 3.00 gkg-1 reduced the ground pecking activities. In conclusion the behavioral responses of duck to prebiotic supplementation are needed to be carefully considered in order to obtain maximal growth-promoting effects of prebiotic in duck production.

The present work aimed to study the effect of Rayeb milk as a probiotic on the growth performance, behaviour, and cecal lactobacilli count in broiler chickens during the starter phase (0-15 days). One hundred and twenty 1day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allotted into two treatments 1) control group (drinking water only); 2) Rayeb milk group: 10% Rayeb milk were added in the drinking water. The results indicated that Rayeb milk supplementation had no effect on the body weight and body weight gain. While, there was a significant reduction in feed intake and improvement in feed conversion ratio of Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to control. Also there was a significant decrease in feeding, resting, and dust bathing activities, and a significant increase in drinking water activities of Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to the control. While there were no significant changes in walking, standing, preening and wall pecking activities between Rayeb milk treated birds and the control. In addition the results showed that there was a significant increase in total lactobacilli count in Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to the control one. In conclusion the current preliminary study reflected that dietary supplementation of Rayeb milk may improve the health status and reduce the production cost of the birds. However, further investigation is still required to determine the best dose before it could be applied in the field.

The present work aimed to study the effect of Rayeb milk as a probiotic on the growth performance, behaviour, and cecal lactobacilli count in broiler chickens during the starter phase (0-15 days). One hundred and twenty 1day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allotted into two treatments 1) control group (drinking water only); 2) Rayeb milk group: 10% Rayeb milk were added in the drinking water. The results indicated that Rayeb milk supplementation had no effect on the body weight and body weight gain. While, there was a significant reduction in feed intake and improvement in feed conversion ratio of Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to control. Also there was a significant decrease in feeding, resting, and dust bathing activities, and a significant increase in drinking water activities of Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to the control. While there were no significant changes in walking, standing, preening and wall pecking activities between Rayeb milk treated birds and the control. In addition the results showed that there was a significant increase in total lactobacilli count in Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to the control one. In conclusion the current preliminary study reflected that dietary supplementation of Rayeb milk may improve the health status and reduce the production cost of the birds. However, further investigation is still required to determine the best dose before it could be applied in the field.

The present work aimed to study the effect of Rayeb milk as a probiotic on the growth performance, behaviour, and cecal lactobacilli count in broiler chickens during the starter phase (0-15 days). One hundred and twenty 1day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allotted into two treatments 1) control group (drinking water only); 2) Rayeb milk group: 10% Rayeb milk were added in the drinking water. The results indicated that Rayeb milk supplementation had no effect on the body weight and body weight gain. While, there was a significant reduction in feed intake and improvement in feed conversion ratio of Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to control. Also there was a significant decrease in feeding, resting, and dust bathing activities, and a significant increase in drinking water activities of Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to the control. While there were no significant changes in walking, standing, preening and wall pecking activities between Rayeb milk treated birds and the control. In addition the results showed that there was a significant increase in total lactobacilli count in Rayeb milk treated birds in comparison to the control one. In conclusion the current preliminary study reflected that dietary supplementation of Rayeb milk may improve the health status and reduce the production cost of the birds. However, further investigation is still required to determine the best dose before it could be applied in the field.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and β-glucan (BG) prebiotic (agrimos) on the behavioral and physiological parameters in heat stressed broiler chickens. One hundred sixty eight of one-day-old broiler chickens of Ross 308 strain were obtained from a local hatchery. The experiment was started at 28-day old; where birds were exposed to heat stress (HS) and were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments containing 0 (control), 0.5, 2, and 4 g/kg MOS and BG probiotic, respectively. Each treatment consisted of three replicates of 14 birds each. The results revealed that 0.5, 2 and 4 g/kg significantly increased walking, panting, wing elevation, and wing and leg but 4 g/kg agrimos only significantly increased drinking and preening, and decreased resting. Dietary inclusion of agrimos at a dose of 4 g/kg caused a significant increase in the percentage of lymphocyte, and decrease in phosphorus level. While at doses of 2 and 4 g/kg, treated chickens had a significant decrease in cortisol level together with a significant increase in hemoglobin level. Chickens fed with agrimos, regardless of dose, had significantly lower percentage of heterophils and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio. In conclusion, the current results support that MOS and BG prebiotic dietary supplementation may be considered as a protective management practice in the broiler chickens to control the negative effects of HS.