We have recently shown that the conditioned media from bovine oviductal epithelial cell culture suppress sperm phagocytosis by neutrophils, suggesting that the oviduct around oestrus supplies the anti‐inflammatory microenvironment. To investigate the immune response of neutrophils toward the sperm at ovulation in the buffalo oviduct, we examined (a) a detailed distribution of neutrophils in the oviduct in buffaloes, (b) the effect of ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) and oviductal fluid (OF) on sperm phagocytosis by neutrophils, and (c) the interaction of the ovulatory FF with OF on sperm phagocytosis by neutrophils in vitro. Buffalo oviducts were collected from healthy reproductive tracts at a local slaughterhouse. A detailed observation by histological examination and transmission electron microscopy revealed that neutrophils exist in the oviduct epithelium and lumen throughout the oestrous cycle in buffaloes. The number of neutrophils at the oestrus stage was higher in ampulla compared with those in isthmus, whereas they remained relatively constant at the dioestrus stage. Two hours of preincubation of neutrophils with FF enhanced sperm phagocytosis through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) together with H2O2 production, whereas OF around oestrus (eOF) suppressed sperm phagocytosis, NETs formation, and H2O2 production and relieved the above FF‐ induced inflammatory response. Our findings show that neutrophils exist in the healthy cyclic oviduct across bovine species, and the OF supplies a strong anti‐inflammatory environment that could minimize the inflammatory effect of the FF that flows into the oviduct lumen after ovulation and supports the occurrence of fertilization.

Abstract Background: Blood profile testing is commonly used to monitor herd health status, diagnose disorders, and predict the risk of diseases in cows and calves, with subsequent optimization the production of dairy herds. By understanding the physiological ranges of serum metabolites relative to age, lactation stage, and the sampling time in healthy cows and calves, the dairy practitioners can accurately diagnose abnormalities with a blood test. The effect of sampling time on the variation of serum metabolites within 24 h were evaluated in 83 cattle. All animals were originated from a dairy herd, where the animals, based on their ages and lactation stages, were classified into eight groups. The blood samples were collected from each animal every 4 h within a day. Results: The time of sampling within the day showed significant influences on the serum concentrations of glucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and urea. BHBA was the most metabolite that showed day variation among cows’ groups. Furthermore, the concentrations of total cholesterol were the most stable metabolite in all groups.The mean values of albumin, total proteins, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHBA, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, urea, and creatinine revealed significant variations among the different studied groups. Conclusions: A certain suitable time of blood sample collection cannot be recommended. However, care shall be taken for the time of sampling for measurements of glucose, NEFA, BHBA and urea, otherwise the comparative values of these metabolites at different sampling time points may differ significantly from each other’s, without a disease cause. It may be recommended, for metabolic assessment of dairy herds, classification the subjects into different groups based on lactation stages and ages of animals.

The present study was designed to describe the Doppler measurements of hepatic venous blood flow in camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total number of 9 adult healthy camels underwent hepatic Doppler examinations on the right side between the 11th and 9th intercostal spaces. The splenic and cranial mesenteric veins showed turbulent blood flows at their fusion to form the main portal trunk. At porta hepatis, the main portal vein exhibited turbulent blood flows and the mean velocities ranged from 21 to 28 cm/sec. In contrast, the intrahepatic branches of portal veins revealed smooth laminar spectral patterns with low blood velocities ranged from 12 to 22 cm/sec. In addition, hepatic veins and caudal vena cava have laminar blood flows. In conclusion, as a noninvasive clinical tool, Doppler ultrasonography is a simple and easy applicable method for assessment of hepatic hemodynamics in camels (Camelus dromedaries). The present findings have the potential to serve as references for evaluating the health status of the liver from camels. Therefore; a further research study, including comparative evaluation of Doppler findings in camels with various hepatic diseases, may be required.

The present study was designed to describe the Doppler measurements of hepatic venous blood flow in camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total number of 9 adult healthy camels underwent hepatic Doppler examinations on the right side between the 11th and 9th intercostal spaces. The splenic and cranial mesenteric veins showed turbulent blood flows at their fusion to form the main portal trunk. At porta hepatis, the main portal vein exhibited turbulent blood flows and the mean velocities ranged from 21 to 28 cm/sec. In contrast, the intrahepatic branches of portal veins revealed smooth laminar spectral patterns with low blood velocities ranged from 12 to 22 cm/sec. In addition, hepatic veins and caudal vena cava have laminar blood flows. In conclusion, as a noninvasive clinical tool, Doppler ultrasonography is a simple and easy applicable method for assessment of hepatic hemodynamics in camels (Camelus dromedaries). The present findings have the potential to serve as references for evaluating the health status of the liver from camels. Therefore; a further research study, including comparative evaluation of Doppler findings in camels with various hepatic diseases, may be required.

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Avian influenza A H5N1 and H9N2 viruses have been extensively circulating in various avian species and frequently infect mammals, including humans. The synchronous circulation of both viruses in Egypt provides an opportunity for possible genetic assortment, posing a probable threat to global public health. To assess the potential risk of the IAV reassortants derived from co-circulation of these two AI subtypes, reverse genetics technology was used to generate a set of IAV reassortants carrying single genetic segments of clade 2.2.1.2 virus A/duck/Egypt/Q4596D/2012 (H5N1), a representative of the most prevalent H5N1 clade in Egypt, in the genetic backbone of A/chicken/Egypt/S4456B/2011 (H9N2), a representative of G1-like H9N2 lineage which is widely circulating in Egypt. Furthermore, the genetic compatibility, growth kinetics and virulence were evaluated in vitro in mammalian systems using the …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and disability. Due to lack of sensitive and specific tools for early OA diagnosis and predicting prognosis, the availability of new reliable and sensitive biomarkers is a widely appreciated need to identify patients at risk for incident disease or disease progression. Accordingly, our study was conducted to validate the usefulness of disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) and follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) to achieve this goal.

The estrogen plays a critical role during pregnancy through their receptors. Although the rabbit is one of the most important lab animal estrogen receptor alpha (ERA) localization on basic cells, newly discovered cells including telocyte and neuroendocrine cells, vascular compartments and interstitium during pregnancy not been described. At 0 day pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was moderate to ERA and observed on the ciliated cells, secretory cells, blood plasma, and interstitium. The smooth muscles and the endothelial cells showed mild immunoreactivity to ERA. Lymphocytes only exhibited strong immunoreactivity to ERA. At 7 days pregnancy moderate immunoreactivity to ERA observed on ciliated cells, secretory cells, smooth muscles, interstitium, and lymphocytes. Strong immunoreactivity to ERA detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. At 14 days of pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was strong and detected on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, lymphocytes, and interstitium. Moderate immunoreactivity detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. Secretory cells only exhibited mild immunoreactivity to ERA. At 21 days of pregnancy, the immunoreactivity to ERA ranged between mild on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, blood plasma and interstitium and negative on secretory cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Our results indicated that the frequency and intensity of ERA immunostaining in the rabbit cervix varied on different structural compartments of the cervix during different pregnancy stages.

The estrogen plays a critical role during pregnancy through their receptors. Although the rabbit is one of the most important lab animal estrogen receptor alpha (ERA) localization on basic cells, newly discovered cells including telocyte and neuroendocrine cells, vascular compartments and interstitium during pregnancy not been described. At 0 day pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was moderate to ERA and observed on the ciliated cells, secretory cells, blood plasma, and interstitium. The smooth muscles and the endothelial cells showed mild immunoreactivity to ERA. Lymphocytes only exhibited strong immunoreactivity to ERA. At 7 days pregnancy moderate immunoreactivity to ERA observed on ciliated cells, secretory cells, smooth muscles, interstitium, and lymphocytes. Strong immunoreactivity to ERA detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. At 14 days of pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was strong and detected on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, lymphocytes, and interstitium. Moderate immunoreactivity detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. Secretory cells only exhibited mild immunoreactivity to ERA. At 21 days of pregnancy, the immunoreactivity to ERA ranged between mild on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, blood plasma and interstitium and negative on secretory cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Our results indicated that the frequency and intensity of ERA immunostaining in the rabbit cervix varied on different structural compartments of the cervix during different pregnancy stages.

he estrogen plays a critical role during pregnancy through their receptors. Although the rabbit is one of the most important lab animal estrogen receptor alpha (ERA) localization on basic cells, newly discovered cells including telocyte and neuroendocrine cells, vascular compartments and interstitium during pregnancy not been described. At 0 day pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was moderate to ERA and observed on the ciliated cells, secretory cells, blood plasma, and interstitium. The smooth muscles and the endothelial cells showed mild immunoreactivity to ERA. Lymphocytes only exhibited strong immunoreactivity to ERA. At 7 days pregnancy moderate immunoreactivity to ERA observed on ciliated cells, secretory cells, smooth muscles, interstitium, and lymphocytes. Strong immunoreactivity to ERA detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. At 14 days of pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was strong and detected on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, lymphocytes, and interstitium. Moderate immunoreactivity detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. Secretory cells only exhibited mild immunoreactivity to ERA. At 21 days of pregnancy, the immunoreactivity to ERA ranged between mild on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, blood plasma and interstitium and negative on secretory cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Our results indicated that the frequency and intensity of ERA immunostaining in the rabbit cervix varied on different structural compartments of the cervix during different pregnancy stages.