The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two levels of carob powder 10 and 20%on lipid profile.Forty maleSprague–Dawleyratsweredividedintotwogroups.The first group was fed on a basal diet and acts as a control group. The second group was fed on a hyperlipidemic diet (a basal dietplus10% animalfatand1% cholesterol).After6weeks, the secondgroup was divided intothree evensubgroups:subgroup 1 was fed ona hyperlipidemicdiet, subgroup2 was fed on a hyperlipidemic diet plus 10 % carob powder, and subgroup 3 was fed on a hyperlipidemic diet plus 20 % carob powder.Attheendoftheexperimentalperiod,serumsamples were collected to measure total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Heart and kidney samples were taken for histopathological examination. The obtained results revealed that feeding rats with10and20%carobpowderimprovedlipidprofileparametersandhistopathologicalcharacteristicsintheheartandkidney of experimental rats

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two levels of carob powder 10 and 20%on lipid profile.Forty maleSprague–Dawleyratsweredividedintotwogroups.The first group was fed on a basal diet and acts as a control group. The second group was fed on a hyperlipidemic diet (a basal dietplus10% animalfatand1% cholesterol).After6weeks, the secondgroup was divided intothree evensubgroups:subgroup 1 was fed ona hyperlipidemicdiet, subgroup2 was fed on a hyperlipidemic diet plus 10 % carob powder, and subgroup 3 was fed on a hyperlipidemic diet plus 20 % carob powder.Attheendoftheexperimentalperiod,serumsamples were collected to measure total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Heart and kidney samples were taken for histopathological examination. The obtained results revealed that feeding rats with10and20%carobpowderimprovedlipidprofileparametersandhistopathologicalcharacteristicsintheheartandkidney of experimental rats

Abstract Background and Objective: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of avian species and represents a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Regardless of which type of vaccine is used, birds are still able to become infected by NDV and can transmit the disease to others. This study aimed to obtain improved understanding of the variety and interrelationships of NDV isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 116 tissue/organ samples were subjected to virus isolation and pathogenicity assessment in vivo by intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) determination. Molecular characterization was performed by one-step RT-PCR to obtain a 535 bp fragment, including the fusion gene cleavage site. The purified PCR products of 12 isolates were selected for DNA sequencing. Results: Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analysis of the cleavage site of the F gene of all field isolates revealed the motif 112R-R-Q-R-R-F117 at the C-terminus of the F2 protein and F (phenylalanine) at the N-terminus of the F1 protein (residue 117), indicating that these strains were velogenic. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that our isolates showed the greatest nucleotide identities (99.3%) with the velogenic strains from Jordan, Israel and Turkey, suggesting that the virus circulating in Egypt probably extends from the Middle Eastern region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolates could be classified into three genotypes (VIId, VIIa and II), indicating that VIId is the predominant circulating genotype in Egypt, where 10 isolates were clustered. One isolate for genotype VIIa and one for genotype II were also observed. A low evolution rate, with Ka/Ks ratios ranging from 0.01-0.02, indicated negative or purifying selection. The minimum evolutionary distance detected was 0.09 to genotype VIId, whereas the maximum distance was 0.21 to genotype II, from which most commercial live virus vaccine strains are derived. Conclusion: The control of NDV by vaccination still faces new challenges and evaluating the effectiveness of the current commercial vaccine strains against circulating NDV strains has become a necessity

Abstract Background and Objective: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of avian species and represents a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Regardless of which type of vaccine is used, birds are still able to become infected by NDV and can transmit the disease to others. This study aimed to obtain improved understanding of the variety and interrelationships of NDV isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 116 tissue/organ samples were subjected to virus isolation and pathogenicity assessment in vivo by intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) determination. Molecular characterization was performed by one-step RT-PCR to obtain a 535 bp fragment, including the fusion gene cleavage site. The purified PCR products of 12 isolates were selected for DNA sequencing. Results: Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analysis of the cleavage site of the F gene of all field isolates revealed the motif 112R-R-Q-R-R-F117 at the C-terminus of the F2 protein and F (phenylalanine) at the N-terminus of the F1 protein (residue 117), indicating that these strains were velogenic. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that our isolates showed the greatest nucleotide identities (99.3%) with the velogenic strains from Jordan, Israel and Turkey, suggesting that the virus circulating in Egypt probably extends from the Middle Eastern region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolates could be classified into three genotypes (VIId, VIIa and II), indicating that VIId is the predominant circulating genotype in Egypt, where 10 isolates were clustered. One isolate for genotype VIIa and one for genotype II were also observed. A low evolution rate, with Ka/Ks ratios ranging from 0.01-0.02, indicated negative or purifying selection. The minimum evolutionary distance detected was 0.09 to genotype VIId, whereas the maximum distance was 0.21 to genotype II, from which most commercial live virus vaccine strains are derived. Conclusion: The control of NDV by vaccination still faces new challenges and evaluating the effectiveness of the current commercial vaccine strains against circulating NDV strains has become a necessity

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Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis is a common cutaneous disease of cattle in the Egyptian veterinary field. Ocimum basilicum L. (Rehan) is one of the aromatic plants originating in Asia and Africa. Many studies showed that Ocimum basilicum has interesting antiviral and anticancer activities. However, there is no report demonstrating the clinical significance of the anti-papilloma activity of Ocimum basilicum against bovine skin papillomas. Thus, our study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Ocimum basilicum extract (OBEx) as an anti-papilloma agent against bovine papillomatosis. OBEx was prepared and undergone phytochemical analysis that revealed presence of alkaloids, phenolics, and flavonoids. Ten cutaneous papillomatosis-infected cattle were diagnosed clinically and histopathologically. Animals were treated with OBEx ointment 2% that topically applied daily and papillomas regression was recorded weekly. Clinically, papillomas started to disappear from the 7th - 21st day after the start of treatment. Histopathological analysis showed improvement in histological features of wart tissue returning to the normal skin structure with presence of lymphocytic infiltration. We concluded that the topical application of OBEx is an effective, promising alternative, cheap, and easily apply agent for treatment of skin papilloma

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